20세기초 한국의 일본농업이민연구: 동양척식회사를 중심으로

Japanese Oriental Development Company (hereinafter abbreviated as the Company), established in December 1908, was a national enterprise to engage in the emigration of Japanese farmers to Korea. The two major operational fields of the Company were operating large-scale farms in Korea and working on Japanese agricultural migration. Due to the decree sing number of farmable lands in Japan, the Imperial Japan decided to establish migration po licies which would help people to move to the Korean Peninsula to farm. This gave rise to a number of Japanese farmers coming to Korea. By 1917, the company accepted 1,000 families annually, and by 1926, they had god[clarification needed] 260 families per year too. Therefore, the company accepted about 9,000 families in total by 1926. From the newly formed company commenced operation, most of the documents and reports relating to the project were confidential. Besides, when surrendered, Japan destroyed a number of important documents, including the Company`s archives. Therefore, so far, the primary sources of information on the Company are rare. For the above reasons, studies of the Company, compared with its functions and scale, are sparse. Studies are much rarer especially on the living conditions, distribution and the Company`s management of the agricultural migrants and the role of the Company in Japanese colonial rule to South Korea. From 1910 to 1926, the Company performed the Japanese agricultural migration cause to South Korea and implemented the plan of “migrating 20,000 complete families in twenty years” in Manchukuo in 1936, which had a profound impact on the Japanese government`s agricultural migration policy, in level of experience and lessons. In this sense, the study of the Company`s agricultural migration will help us deeply understand the overall evolution and outlook of Japanese agricultural migration in colonies. Based on the existing research results, this paper attempts to clarify the historical context of Japanese agricultural migration plans, the creation of relevant theory, content and operational changes, its influence on Japan colonial rule on South Korea and reasons for the failure of Japanese agriculture migration. After the Russo-Japanese war, mass Japanese migrated to the United States, Canada and other North American area. In February 1908, Japan signed the “gentlemen`s agreement” with the United States, whose purpose was to limit the Japanese migrants to North America countries, and at the same time Japan decided to focus on migration to Manchuria and South Korea. The most important goal of establishing the Company is to implement the agriculture migration cause to Manchuria and South Korea. Japan intended to solve the problem of domestic population increase, food shortage and other social problem and more important to construct the ruling system in colonies by sending a large number of Japanese tenants to colonies such as South Korea and Manchuria and cultivating them to be yeomen. The Company sold land to Japanese migrants and let them pay by installment. When they paid in full, they owned the land and became yeomen. Afterwards, the Company three times (1915, 1917, and 1917) modified the 1910 “Migrant rules”, which made the migration type gradually shift from the original yeomen migration to the landlord immigration. In the aspects of amenities, agricultural infrastructure and financial support, etc. the Company provided many preferential policies to Japanese migrants to make them rapidly rooted in South Korean rural area. Although supported by the Japanese government with a variety of preferential policies, the Company`s migration agricultural management did not fulfilled its original aims and later class differentiation phenomenon arose in its business. The Company`s agricultural migration program deprived the South Korean peasants` tenancy rights and compelled them leave their motherland to Manchuria, therefore, at that time South Korean public opinion blamed the Company as the culprit of worsening the South Korean agricultural operating conditions. Given the final results, the Company`s agricultural migration business had negative impact on Japanese colonial rule in South Korea. Because of the severe underestimation of strong resistance and revolt of South Korean peasants, the Company`s Japanese agricultural immigration plan was rebuffed in the implementation process and eventually failed. Due to the fundament problems that the migration enterprise itself bred ethnic and class contradictions, the failure of the Japanese agricultural migrants program was expected.

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