"Ukrainskii Vopros" V Politike Vlastei I Russkom Obshchestvennom Mnenii (Vtoraia Polovina XIX V.)

A.I. Miller. Ukrainskii vopros v politike vlastei i russkom obshchestvennom mnenii (vtoraia polovina XIX v.) St. Petersburg: Aleteiia, 2000. 267 pp. Index. Illustrations. Cloth. The leading Moscow specialist on Russian-Ukrainian relations of the modern period, Aleksei Miller, has published a remarkable book on the problem in late Imperial Russia. This work rejects both the primordialist concept of Ukrainian national identity and a straightforward understanding of Russian imperialist assimilationism in favor of a much more sophisticated treatment. Miller argues that Russia's Ukrainian policy is best described as the imperial project of constructing a Russian nation. However, the tsarist government failed to implement this policy consistently because such a project was being obscured by the attempt to maintain and ensure allegiance to a dynastic, pre-national empire. In a lengthy introduction, the author demonstrates his outstanding command of modern Western literature on nationalism. Having spelled out his understanding of the imagined quality of nations and discursive nature of nationalisms, Miller then explains that the issue of Russia's identity as a began troubling the imperial ideologues relatively late. The imperial bureaucrats and journalists repeatedly compared to non-dominant ethnic groups in contemporary France, Spain, and Great Britain. These ideologues were prepared to accept Little-Russianness as a regional identity on the condition that the local population adopt Russian high culture. Yet-no matter how ambiguous and inconsistent was the official drive to include Little Russians into a greater Russian nation-the authorities were alarmed to discover an alternate project of moulding an ethnically Ukrainian population into a modern Ukrainian nation with its own high culture. Consequently, since the 1860s, the imperial government persecuted the Ukrainian language and culture. The first chapter of Miller's book provides a well-informed interpretive survey of Russia's Ukrainian question during the first half of the nineteenth century. Based on the archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg as well as a large number of published sources, the following twelve chapters focus on the government's Ukrainian policy under Alexander II (1855-1881). During this period, the Ukrainian patriotic intellectuals, the so-called Ukrainophiles, developed and popularized Ukrainian high culture and the principal symbols of modern Ukrainian national identity. Before the Ukrainophiles made any significant progress, however, the Valuev Circular Letter of 1863 forbade the publication in Ukrainian of textbooks, religious books, and all works that could be classified as primary reading for the common people. …

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