Сучасні протоколи передачі шкали часу інтелектуальних електроенергетичних систем зі зниженою аварійністю
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
UDC 681.516.75:631.234 TIME-SCALE DISTRIBUTION MODERN PROTOCOLS FOR SMART GRID POWER SYSTEMS WITH LOW ACCIDENT RATE O. Velychko, V. Koval, O. Samkov, I. Shkliarevskyi In the last about 10 years , in different counties the reasons for power failures or blackouts in which more than one power utility is involved must be analyzed. The so-called cascading emergency power outages, which entail serious social consequences (emergency stops of trains in underground tunnels, trams and trolleybuses streets, elevators in high-rise buildings, disconnect from the electric power electrical devices, hospitals, kindergartens , enterprises with continuous production, etc.) have appeared for the general public. Examples of some power outgates are shown in the Table 1. Table 1. Year Country or region Involved population , millions 2003 USA, Canada 55 2003 Italy 56 2005 Indonesia 100 2005 Russia 3 2011 USA, Mexico 5 2012 India 620 The North American Blackout back in August 2003 visualized how painful and time consuming it can be to align data, whose time stamps are derived from inaccurate time references. As a result the task force investigating the blackout demanded a regulation that ensures a minimum absolute accuracy for time stamped disturbance event data. Analysis of cascading outages of electricity, which recently took place in the world [1],[2] can show, in addition to the purely technical, the presence of other, more common causes of such events. First of all, it's deregulation of the electricity market, making this market extremely highly, but less manageable. In order to prevent undesirable consequences specified problematic situation in the energy sector developed the concept of intellectual power grid (Smart Grid), which is an important part of that is associated with continuous monitoring of grid stability parameters linked to real-time with microsecond precision. In Ukraine there is a public service Time and Frequencies Reference for coordination and implementation of activities aimed ensuring the uniformity of time and frequency measurements, creating and maintaining a national time-scale confirmed to the best national scales the world. But Ukraine's existing time and frequency distribution technical means and methods do not form a single system and can not meet the requirements of all customers time-frequency information that encourages them to use synchro-information from other states’ sources (GPS or GLONASS), which threatens the national security and increases the risks of loss of traceability time and frequency within the state. Implementation of the Precision Time Protocol (PTP), defined in the IEEE 1588 standard provides a very accurate and safe way to distribute time references throughout the power station’s Ethernet networks. PTP allows distributing reference time information in a local area network like NTP does, but due to the innovative protocol it allows to reach accuracies in the sub-microsecond range. There’s a PTP supporting equipment named SU-1588, developed and manufactured in Ukraine, which provides the necessary services distributing the national time-scale from the Secondary Time and Frequency Reference located in Ukrmetrteststandart enterprise in Kiev. The direct connection 30 minutes interval stability between different manufacturers’ equipment was tested in [4]. Table 2 shows some results from [4] combining with some SU-1588 results provided by it’s manufacturer. Table 2. Slave/ Master Slave A Slave B Slave C Slave F SU-1588S (slave) Information source Master A - 705 304 798 - [4] Master C 715 156 - 43 - [4] Master D 670 255 232 200 - [4] OSA-5535 - - - - 320 IST Ltd SU-1588M - - - - 250 IST Ltd Conclusion A modern power field needs precise time-stamping for new monitoring and measurement methods for Smart Grid’s implementation. The SU-1588 equipment supporting “power” profile of IEEE 1588 protocol, is able to provide time-scale microseconds level distribution for power industry.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,049 | 0,029 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».