Commentary: Surgery postponed, reason unclear

Central MessagePrecautionary custom drives the postponement of elective cardiac surgery for infants with a positive preoperative viral probe. Data are insufficient to validate the custom for the most common viral species detected by the probe.See Article page 211. Precautionary custom drives the postponement of elective cardiac surgery for infants with a positive preoperative viral probe. Data are insufficient to validate the custom for the most common viral species detected by the probe. See Article page 211. It is routine precaution at most centers to delay cardiac surgery for an infant if a preoperative viral screen is positive. Incomplete data drive this precautionary custom, which is based largely on the behavior of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).1Khongphatthanayothin A. Wong P.C. Samara Y. Newth C.J. Wells W.J. Starnes V.A. et al.Impact of respiratory syncytial virus infection on surgery for congenital heart disease: postoperative course and outcome.Crit Care Med. 1999; 27: 1974-1981Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar The standard screening polymerase chain reaction probe detects viral nucleic acids from adenovirus, parainfluenza, influenza, and rhinovirus/enterovirus, in addition to RSV. RSV is uncommonly detected in preoperative screening compared with other, more common viruses in the probe, notably rhinovirus and enterovirus.2Zhang D. Lou X. Yan H. Pan J. Mao H. Tang H. et al.Respiratory virus associated with surgery in children patients.Respir Res. 2019; 20: 126Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar Rhinovirus is the most common viral pathogen associated with the common cold and respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, and virus can be shed long after the resolution of any symtoms.3Toivonen L. Schuez-Havupalo L. Karppinen S. Teros-Jaakkola T. Rulli M. Mertsola J. et al.Rhinovirus infections in the first 2 years of life.Pediatrics. 2016; 138 (e20161309)Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar Important incompletely answered questions include: Do viral species other than RSV pose sufficient risk to warrant delay of cardiac surgery? Are there procedural groups whose course is less affected by a positive viral probe, for whom surgery can safely proceed? and, Does a virus-shedding asymptomatic patient have similar risk as a symptomatic patient? A common scenario in the preoperative clinic today is an asymptomatic infant with elective surgery scheduled, a screening probe that is positive for rhinovirus/enterovirus, and the question of whether to proceed or delay. Giffin and colleagues4Giffin N.A. Guerra G. Robinson J. Joynt C. Rebeyka I. Sivarajan V.B. Impact of early surgical correction or palliation of congenital heart defects in infants with symptomatic viral respiratory tract infections in the current era.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. 2021; 6: 211-219Scopus (1) Google Scholar start to address some of the unanswered questions. Postulating that recent improvements in cardiopulmonary bypass and respiratory support may change the clinical relevance of a positive viral probe, the authors challenge the custom of delaying surgery. It is a retrospective study of infants with active, probe-positive viral respiratory infection, and shows no significant difference in mortality or hospital length of stay for patients undergoing operation in the setting of active infection, compared with procedurally matched uninfected patients. Intensive care stay and noninvasive respiratory support was longer for the infected patients. A majority of the study patients had rhinovirus/enterovirus as identified pathogens, and only 2 had RSV. The study was underpowered to examine the relevance of individual viral species and was underpowered to examine complications arising in procedural groups at special risk, such as those undergoing single-ventricle palliation, where the question commonly arises. Various studies, also mostly underpowered for subanalysis by viral species or procedural risk, support the general concept that viral respiratory infection may complicate or lengthen the postoperative course following open heart surgery, but fail to address the common question of the asymptomatic patient with non-RSV viral shedding.5Spaeder M.C. Carson K.A. Vricella L.A. Alejo D.E. Holmes K.W. Impact of the viral respiratory season on postoperative outcomes in children undergoing cardiac surgery.Pediatr Cardiol. 2011; 32: 801-806Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 6Moynihan K. Barlow A. Alphonso N. Anderson B. Johnson J. Nourse C. et al.Impact of viral respiratory pathogens on outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18: 219-227Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 7Li X. Wang X. Li S. Zeng M. Li D. Viral respiratory infection, a risk in pediatric cardiac surgery: a propensity-matched analysis.Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020; 21: e431-e440Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar, 8Altman C.A. Englund J.A. Demmler G. Drescher K.L. Alexander M.A. Watrin C. et al.Respiratory syncytial virus in patients with congenital heart disease: a contemporary look at epidemiology and success of preoperative screening.Pediatr Cardiol. 2000; 21: 433-438Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar These studies either look exclusively at RSV,5Spaeder M.C. Carson K.A. Vricella L.A. Alejo D.E. Holmes K.W. Impact of the viral respiratory season on postoperative outcomes in children undergoing cardiac surgery.Pediatr Cardiol. 2011; 32: 801-806Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar,8Altman C.A. Englund J.A. Demmler G. Drescher K.L. Alexander M.A. Watrin C. et al.Respiratory syncytial virus in patients with congenital heart disease: a contemporary look at epidemiology and success of preoperative screening.Pediatr Cardiol. 2000; 21: 433-438Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar describe particular risk for those with RSV among viral species studied,7Li X. Wang X. Li S. Zeng M. Li D. Viral respiratory infection, a risk in pediatric cardiac surgery: a propensity-matched analysis.Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020; 21: e431-e440Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar include rhinovirus/enterovirus, but only symptomatic patients,6Moynihan K. Barlow A. Alphonso N. Anderson B. Johnson J. Nourse C. et al.Impact of viral respiratory pathogens on outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18: 219-227Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar or study rhinovirus infection in particular, but only postoperatively.9Delgado-Corcoran C. Witte M.K. Ampofo K. Castillo R. Bodily S. Bratton S.L. The Impact of human rhinovirus infection in pediatric patients undergoing heart surgery.Pediatr Cardiol. 2014; 35: 1387-1394Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar There appear to be sufficient data, enduring over decades, to suggest that RSV deserves attention and delay of elective surgery. But RSV is not the dominant virus detected in today's preoperative clinic, and data separating risk by non-RSV viral species are scant. Data remain insufficient to provide guidance for the common scenario of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients shedding non-RSV respiratory virus. Impact of early surgical correction or palliation of congenital heart defects in infants with symptomatic viral respiratory tract infections in the current eraJTCVS OpenVol. 6PreviewThis study investigates the influence of timing of surgery among infants with congenital heart disease and active respiratory tract infections in a contemporary Western Canadian cohort. Full-Text PDF Open Access

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