TO THE QUESTION OF FORMS OF VOTING IN MODERN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Pourquoi ce travail est dans la base
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The article is devoted to the study of different voting forms in foreign countries. The work identifies the reasons for the voting diversity forms: reducing the electorate to voting attention, the introduction of information technologies. It was found that the most widespread voting form is personal voting at the electoral address place, which can take place with the help of ballots and electoral machines. It was noted that the main disadvantage of this expressing will option is the decrease in the number of voters, and more recently, the inability of the authorities to ensure the citizens safety at polling stations due to the coronavirus pandemic. The paper describes the absentee voting essence (by mail, Internet, etc.). The disadvantage of this expression of will option is the possibility of administrative influence from the authorities. Absentee voting is classified into general and individual voting. Using the polish example, the introduction of mail-order voting in the 2020 presidential elections is shown. It is indicated that voting by post is classified into permissive and notification, internal and external. The voting essence procedure by mail is demonstrated by the example of Austria, USA, Switzerland, Great Britain, Australia. It has been established that in the American doctrine the concepts of «absentee voting» and «voting by mail» are synonymous. The article reveals the essence of voting abroad as one of the options for expression of will, which is used when communication between countries is limited or terminated. This type of voting is considered on the example of Brazil, Portugal, Romania, USA. The work also examines early voting, which is spreading in connection with migration processes and the pandemic, on the example of Finland, Japan, Canada. The essence of a rare form of expression of will — voting by proxy is determined. This type of voting is considered on the example of Monaco, Nauru, Vanuatu. The place of electronic voting in the system of voting forms is outlined. It is noted that its appearance is due to the low political activity of voters. The evoting procedure is analyzed in Estonia, where it still exists, and in the UK and the Netherlands, where this form of expression of will has already been abandoned. The disadvantages of electronic voting have been identified: distrust of voters, risks of interference in the work of the system, and others.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle