Early Pandemic Experiences and Lessons Learned Within A Multinational Corporation

There is an old public health parable written by Irving Zola1,2 depicting a dramatic scene in which a doctor is walking along a swiftly flowing stream and hears cries for help from a drowning man. In response, the doctor quickly jumps into the stream, pulls the drowning man safely to shore, and resuscitates the man back to life. Just as the saved man begins to recover, another cry for help is heard from a woman who is also drowning in the stream. The doctor does not hesitate to respond and quickly rescues the drowning woman, resuscitating her back to life as well. As soon as this woman has recovered, yet another cry for help is heard. And another. This pattern continues until there are numerous drowning people in the stream. The doctor is so exhausted from trying to save as many people as possible from the stream that they have no time to investigate what is driving all these people into the stream in the first place. Irving Zola's public health parable helps to capture a sense of the eternal coexistence and importance of addressing upstream and downstream issues that impact health throughout societies around the world. His story also illustrates the vivid point that addressing an individual's health and symptoms of illness do not impact the overall drivers and causes of catastrophes. While traditional medical practice addresses individual health, public health draws its distinction and value in population-level health crises like pandemics. Parallels to this story can be demonstrated in the case of the current global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Many of the socioeconomic, occupational, exposure levels, and underlying causes for accelerated and uneven disease transmission in communities were largely discovered and diagnosed by non-medical and medical adjacent professionals such as scientists working on the bench, public health researchers, mental health professionals, and epidemiologists. Throughout the duration of the COVID-19 global pandemic, a lot of media coverage has focused on capturing the stories, trials, and tribulations of the individuals jumping into the streams and pulling drowning people to shore—these being the critical and necessary frontline workers that are working directly with COVID-19 patients such as doctors, nurses, physician assistants, surgeons, and other healthcare workers. Rarely, however, do we get a glimpse into the hard work being done by other frontline workers behind the scenes, toiling further “upstream” to stem the tides of patients that may flow downstream into the hospitals at the risk of overwhelming the entire system. It has become clear throughout the pandemic that the end will not be brought about taking care of individuals but rather addressing all the causes that led to the global spread in the first place. Truly understanding and tackling problems at the population health level of the COVID-19 pandemic will ultimately bring transmission under control. Examples of “upstream” frontline workers include epidemiologists, contact tracers, and scientists working in government or public health venues. However, among those facing a unique set of challenges are multinational corporations that employ large numbers of globally distributed employees. These types of companies with large geographic footprints serve as venues in which individuals may spend nearly one-quarter to half of their waking lives engaged in work for their employers.3 Because of the significant amount of time spent working at places of employment, employees generally place a lot of trust in and seek advice on topics from their employers during periods of crisis, including health and wellbeing.4–6 The COVID-19 pandemic has been no exception. Thus, large corporations that employ a significant number of workers around the world represent a large population and bear the public health responsibility to manage and mitigate global crises like pandemic. Smart, forward-thinking corporations who have invested in health, safety, and logistics staff members with the skills and expertise to help companies formulate effective plans to respond to public health crises have benefited the most during this pandemic. International Business Machines Corporation, or IBM, is one such example. With a workforce of hundreds of thousands of employees currently working across the globe and multiple business units with a large variety of operations, all still working to fulfill the needs of a diverse set of business clients, IBM among other multinational companies faced an especially unique set of operational and logistical challenges throughout the timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the most global level, regional differences in the ever-changing governmental and systemic public health response to COVID-19 have tested the adaptability of IBM's Corporate Health and Safety Team response to protecting employee health. A small sampling of these regional differences may have included: - Contact tracing practices—for example, aggressive contact tracing and enforceability of quarantine for COVID-19 cases.7–9 - Health system infrastructure, medical care capacity, and medical billing.10,11 - Mask use requirements and recommendations for wearing in public.12,13 - Differing physical distancing requirements,14–17 enforceability, and ethical implications of noncompliance in public spaces.18–23 - COVID-19 diagnostic testing—employer availability, screening eligibility to receive a test, public availability of access to tests, sample processing and testing capacity within the country, and reliability and accuracy of different COVID-19 tests.12,13 - “Covidiocy”24—willingness of the citizens to follow government measures and protect the greater good of public health. - Governmental speed, planning, and supply access for vaccine distribution and allocation, as well as prioritization group ordering.25–31 - Cultural and health behaviors that may propagate disease transmission.32–34 Despite having to work within the confines of dynamic, ever-changing country laws and regulations, IBM's approach to pandemic preparedness and response is structured upon the goals of protecting human health and safety and the maintenance of business continuity. This is built on the principles that: 1) employee health is the top priority; 2) all plans and responses are evidence-based and scientific in approach; 3) compliance with government requirements and/or instructions is paramount; and 4) IBM's Business Continuity Plan (BCP) and response are based on identification and maintenance of critical operations in the pandemic context of reduced resources. The Corporate Health and Safety (CH&S) Team has been diligently working since the beginning of the pandemic in January 2020 to figure out the best ways to protect employee health and safety both inside and outside of IBM workplaces. With a team of over 200 medical and safety professionals composed of doctors, nurses, epidemiologists, psychologists, social workers, and industrial hygienists across more than 40 countries, the amount of regional and institutional knowledge that this kind of team provides has driven strong, evidence-based strategies relevant to IBM's pandemic response, and business-critical needs. The CH&S setup in response to management of the COVID-19 pandemic is composed of a Core Medical Team, a CH&S COVID-19 Team, and Local CH&S Teams that raise local issues for global consideration of solutions. Table 1 illustrates the responsibilities of each of these teams. TABLE 1 - CH&S Composition in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic Core Medical Team CH&S COVID-19 Team Local CH&S Teams Composition Physicians and nurses from various geographies. Physicians, nurses, epidemiologists, and safety professionals from various geographies. Nurses, physicians, epidemiologists, psychologists, social workers, industrial hygienists, and safety professionals. COVID-19 Response Roles • Monitors development of the COVID-19 pandemic and latest information at the global level. • Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) providing recommendation on sanitation practices, IAQ, PPE. • Performs assessment and research on situation and risk at the local level. • Performs assessment and research on situation and risk at the global level. • Monitors and provides overview of country/market COVID-19 situation which includes government and client requirements. • On the ground providing day-to-day support to local business executives and Crisis Management Teams. • Develops evidence-based recommendations which informs internal IBM processes and policies (eg, case management, mask use, social distancing, travel and meeting guidance, testing). • Participates in both local and Corporate Crisis Management Teams to provide advice and counsel. • Handles case management of suspected and confirmed IBM COVID-19 cases. • Brings up pressing issues to the CH&S leadership team for further guidance. In summary, because IBM chose to have the CH&S Team as part of main corporate structure, IBM has managed to fare the direct blows of the pandemic compared to companies that may not have a professional health and safety team. By having dedicated professionals whose skills were readily available to address the many unknowns of this crisis, the efforts of the CH&S team directly reduced acute impacts to employees, workplaces, and interruptions to business continuity—all of which directly translates to preserving IBM Corporation's bottom-line and revenue. It will be prudent and, frankly, necessary for other multinational companies to build up or strengthen similar health and safety teams to prepare for the future storms and tribulations of the next pandemic. CH&S RESPONSE EARLY IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020, IBM's globally represented CH&S team took early and decisive action to start monitoring the developments of the outbreak as it spread across China and outwards through the rest of the world. A globally distributed team allowed the larger company to have a localized pulse at different key locations around the world where IBMers are, as well as formulate a consistent but flexible framework that could easily be amended to comply with and capture local, legal, and regulatory requirements for different locations. Additionally, amidst a public health system where frontline workers and hospitals were overwhelmed and overrun, there was a dire need for providing evidence-based information. This specific, localized approach also strategically positioned leaders of the local CH&S teams to serve as a trusted, coordinated source of centralized information that was rapidly adapted to reflect emerging evidence. As more offices began to adapt to either limiting in-person interactions, travel, and large gatherings, the team issued guidance on helping employees protect their own health, safe travel, placing limitations on meetings and in-person events, and eventually issuing advisories to shift business operations and the majority of the IBM workforce to work from home. In an ongoing series of FAQs, news interviews, and other communication channels, CH&S monitored and researched the latest health guidance and advisories coming from health institutions such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization to keep employees abreast of how to take every day preventative measures to protect their health. As the pandemic continued into March and April of 2020, restrictions were put in place on non-essential travel and large in-person meetings. Live, online safety trainings were presented for global audiences of essential employees conducting on-site work at IBM locations and client locations to empower employees to conduct worksite risk assessments before entering potentially risky work situations and obtaining the appropriate protective equipment to do their work safely. Most importantly, the CH&S team was able to develop protocols for, train other team members in, and deploy guidance for medical case management, clinical criteria for safely reopening offices, contact tracing, geospatial tracking of case incidence, and health screening of IBM employees and visitors coming into IBM locations. For employees who needed to conduct their work in-person throughout the pandemic, IBM gave employees the flexibility to take responsible actions to protect workplace health, including taking early decisive action to procure sufficient protective equipment to meet demand, as well as formulate protective protocols for people to continue to work. At the time of the global shortage of widespread and easily accessible treatments and vaccines against the coronavirus, the most effective control measures that could be adapted for use within IBM to reduce transmission risk were non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI's).35,36 Examples of NPI's include such transmission control measures as enforcement of social distancing, closure of gathering areas, preventing large gatherings of people, travel restrictions, quarantine and isolation of confirmed and suspected COVID-19 cases, and wearing of masks. For the purposes of outlining CH&S's proposed workplace interventions to curb the transmission of COVID-19 both inside and outside the workplace, CH&S composed a COVID-19 Risk Pyramid that was a modified version combining the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) and Johns Hopkins University's Hierarchy of Controls.37,38 The premise of outlining CH&S’ interventions within the traditional Hierarchy of Controls is that it would allow the team to anchor proposed control measures in a familiar framework and help determine how to implement feasible and effective control solutions to eliminate the greatest amount of transmission risk possible. Table 2 illustrates examples of modified control measures that IBM has implemented within the context of COVID-19.37,38 TABLE 2 - Summary Table of Example IBM COVID-19 Workplace Safety Interventions in Modified Hierarchy of Controls∗ Control IBM Workplace Interventions Elimination of Hazard (Enterprise Level) • Majority of workforce works from home during and after peak of pandemic• Only essential workforce continues to visit client sites and work onsite• Reduced occupancy shift work• Phased return to work occupancy• Identification and quarantining of sick employees• Case management within CH&S Engineering Controls (Enterprise Level) • Travel restrictions• Meeting guidance• Massive COVID-19 public health communication campaign about disease prevention and transmission from CH&S• Building modifications• Elevator occupancy limitations• One-way traffic flow• Every other desk occupancy• Cafeteria layout• Agile space markings to maintain social distance• Social distancing enforcement and observation in building• Access controls for entry and exit Administration Controls (Individual Level) • Illness and symptom screening prior to entering the workplace• Temperature screening before coming into work and at entry ways where legally required• COVID-19 employee testing pilot to assess utility in returning safely to work• Social distancing• Hand washing practices• Cough etiquette• Enhanced and more frequent cleaning of occupied spaces Usage of Protective Equipment (Individual Level) • Situational and case-by-case usage of N-95 masks• Temperature screeners wearing protective equipment to screen employees• Essential workers and workers that frequently go on client sites to fix/provide customer service of IBM equipment wearing protective equipment appropriate to the risk setting they are entering• Medical exception documentation requirements• Short-term disability if individual cannot meet requirements ∗While this list is not exhaustive in nature of all the control measures put in place for implementing a safe Return-To-Work plan, a more complete description of these measures can be found in IBM's forthcoming Return-To-Work early in the pandemic, IBM and the importance and responsibility of protecting the health of members over workplace in where IBMers were of health for access and of as well as time for individuals to or health issues and to By these these measures to the public health and healthcare system impacts on local communities where IBM as well as the number of sick people being into the healthcare further helping to the ongoing for resources. CH&S RESPONSE THE THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC As the world the of the COVID-19 the CH&S team is currently still monitoring the pandemic across the globe as well as to company travel and meetings to those that are business The that is being to reflect governmental guidance is IBM's to Workplace which has been the from all of IBM's business in the is a approach of employees returning to the workplace to the for an outbreak in the This approach of employee return into consideration clinical criteria by the Core Medical Team, governmental and as well as public health system like testing This is in more in guidance issued by the CH&S team and within the includes space with of IBM's return to work to all returning employees, to the case management and contact tracing protocols as with the Health teams to the IBM Workplace Health and as well as and providing support for addressing the emerging issues of employee mental health and IBM's return to work in with health and THE As we continue into the next of the pandemic in the of returning to the workplace has allowed the CH&S team to reflect on next pilot that was across a of IBM offices in the was a COVID-19 testing pilot in which different COVID-19 were tested among different of employees. The from this are being for in protocols are being as COVID-19 testing is more available to the IBM global health support has been globally through the and are being as of the pandemic become more throughout CH&S is to and on ways of working at home and in the workplace for employees who have since A Workplace is to employees the flexibility to work from home but into the a of the the public health has to allow for this It is that up to of IBM employees will be by this will continue to work from an working and/or working from spaces (eg, and the of a workplace and and from which traditional were largely and are also such that workplace health that to keep their employees cannot to to within the on global issues that continue to the of the CH&S team to quickly and were throughout the IBM business as in Table TABLE - IBM and during the COVID-19 Pandemic or spread of into CH&S to around to and source for information is issues case IBM Team was to responsibilities and requirements with the and teams to employees to with from local health strong, communication is needed of measures in to employees to follow local on in place health work all or most of the population to as an for spread on large gatherings employees do during their time has an impact on pandemic of in advice on with to and frontline workers in the the need for providing advice to health and safety at client sites to on health and safety issues and business Health and safety, pandemic planning, and business to be as part of business challenges with protective equipment of local and safety of protective equipment The need for local as to global CH&S COVID-19 The COVID-19 global pandemic has on healthcare system access and With the closure of IBM and on-site there has been an need to address the of legally and workplace and to the workplace, disease and management have been to restrictions of in-person to medical medical system to and and to seek and care for these in the of the global health have an emerging COVID-19 mental health brought on by the to health and and and challenges of in a pandemic As the world the of the of the the CH&S Team is a COVID-19 Health and The goals of this campaign the current of mental health and by how employees are through a what public health and would be most to employees. and global employee access to mental health and support (eg, employee of mental and health disease management, and across 2020 and where is and knowledge of disease and management with for in response to care in leadership and in their teams with to support employees throughout the pandemic and The information and from this campaign will be to and the health strategies for the of and into as the and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines continue to the team to within and outside of IBM to develop tracking for and employee coverage across the are about how solutions like IBM's Health COVID-19 could be to in a safe and effective return to the to and screen for employees prior to workplace entry will also be to workplace transmission and use of the as a control for entry will be in this In to IBM's to Workplace the CH&S Team to its COVID-19 this with the public and other multinational companies facing similar employee health and safety challenges throughout the pandemic. for Management for the will the CH&S to develop health and safety on from mask social distancing, clinical and monitoring for reopening workplaces, to safety and screening This work the from the first of the COVID-19 pandemic and is being to reflect the latest including vaccine distribution and disease for effective pandemic to knowledge and in the forthcoming

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