Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Protein sources are the second largest component of practical poultry diets. A limitednumber of ingredients are used by the mainstream commercial poultry industry tosupply protein; these are limited in distribution and are also generally more expensivethan energy sources. Soybean seed is the premier protein source used by the poultryindustry. Rapeseed or canola seed is probably the second most important proteinsource. Both seeds are rarely fed as whole seed meals but rather the residue left overafter oil extraction is the main ingredient used by the poultry industry. Both soybean andrapeseed are cultivated in only a few places in the world. Soybeans are predominantly2 Alternative sources of protein for poultry nutrition© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved.produced in the United States, Brazil and Argentina, while the leading producers ofrapeseed/canola are Canada, some parts of Europe and China. The key producers ofsoybean meal export the product to several countries around the world, to the extentthat it would seem that it is produced all over the world. A large amount of canola seedmeal is now also exported but not to the same extent as soybean meal (SBM). Owing tothe limited number of producers and demand, the prices of SBM and canola meal arehigh and tend to fluctuate with changes in climatic conditions and social situations in thecountries where they are produced. These are the drivers of change, and many countrieswhich do not produce soybeans or canola explore alternative sources of protein tosupport their industries.The range of ingredients that can supply protein for poultry is wide. Many animalscontain high levels of protein, and if these are not used for human food, they can bedirectly processed into poultry feed. The animal industries, including the poultry industry,yield by-products that are also useful sources of protein. A few examples include blood,feathers and meat-on-bones. Among plant sources, different ingredients commanddifferent levels of importance. Some alternative sources are of such local importancethat the poultry industry in those areas relies almost entirely on them rather than SBMor canola meal. Good examples of such ingredients are peanut meal or groundnut cakeand sunflower seed meal, with substantial production outputs globally. Many other plantprotein sources are truly marginal in scope and their potential to replace soybean isnegligible. Regardless of the volume of production of an alternative protein source, anyshift in use of ingredients other than SBM and canola will greatly reduce the pressure onthese key protein sources. Such a shift would also help promote the development of thepoultry industry in many areas of the world. This chapter examines the range of alternativeingredients that are available to the poultry industry, their sustainability and means todevelop them to prominence as protein sources.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».