Nest-site characteristics, nest distribution, and home range of urban merlins (Falco columbarius) in Winnipeg, Manitoba
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The development of urban forestry has created environments that have become ideal habitats for wildlife that exhibit generalist behaviours. Understanding the habitat features that urban wildlife rely upon is essential to protect species and to encourage successful human and wildlife cohabitation. Although not previously researched, Merlins (Falco columbarius) are commonly observed in the urban area of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Nests were documented throughout the city between 2017 and 2019. This research was conducted to understand how Merlins utilize this urban environment by developing baseline data on the nest site characteristics, nest density, nest site distribution, and breeding home range. To examine this, micro and macro-scale habitat features were measured using a subset of the total recorded nests (n=81). This subset included 30 occupied and 30 unoccupied nest sites that were surveyed and analyzed using generalized linear model (GLM) methods to determine nest site and habitat selection. Adult individuals (n=4) were tracked during the nesting period using high-precision GPS tags, and spatial movement patterns were analyzed using continuous movement methods (ctmm) to determine home range sizes. I found that all Merlin nests documented through the study were in unused American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) nests located in mature spruce trees. The habitat selection analysis revealed nest trees were taller and fewer coniferous trees were found within 25 m of occupied nests as compared to unoccupied sites. Nest density of Merlins within Winnipeg was 6.73 nests/100 km2 and the spatial distribution of nests was non-random, with significant clustering patterns. Mean nearest neighbour distances between nests was 1.67 km. The mean home range size of four breeding male Merlins was 1.79 km2. During the 2018 field season, an apparent West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak occurred, and the impacts of this outbreak were documented within this study. Juvenile mortalities occurred at 71% of nests. A sample of 32 Merlins from the Winnipeg area presumably deceased due to WNV were necropsied at the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, resulting in WNV positive results in 75% of the Winnipeg sample. Based on nest site selection results in this study, management for Merlins within Winnipeg should include the maintenance of mature spruce trees by both city planners and private property owners. Continued monitoring through community citizen science could provide important data to offer further insight into limiting factors and the ecology of Merlins in the urban environment of Winnipeg.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».