Сохранение индуистских похоронно-поминальных традиций в индийской диаспоре Танзании : DOI: 10.33876/2311-0546/2021-54-2/72-86

The article describes the funeral and memorial complex of representatives of the Indian Diaspora in Tanzania. It is based on field materials of the authors of this publication, collected among Hindus from the Indian state of Gujarat during expedition to Tanzania in 2019. The funeral rite of the Hindus of Tanzania includes the main features of the traditional ceremony, despite the existence of cultural differences in the conduct of this rite in India. Representatives of the Diaspora observe the rituals performed before cremation: placing the deceased on the floor, ablution, dressing in white clothes, a 12-day ceremony (the period of ritual pollution of close relatives and home), the last drops of sacred water from the Ganges River and tulsi leaves, carrying out the body on a stretcher. As in India, the leading role during the ceremony belongs to the eldest son. Only men take part in the funeral procession to the cremation site, as well as in all the rituals performed in the crematorium. Until recently, Hindus in Tanzania continued to burn the dead on an open fire, but in 2014 in large cities Indian communities began to install cremation ovens after a ban by the local authorities to arrange a funeral pyre. On the Zanzibar Island, an oceanfront crematorium, built before the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution, is still used, where the body of the deceased is burned on a funeral fire. The crematorium is owned by the Indian community, which allows all the necessary rituals according to tradition, unlike the situation, for example, in the UK. An important remaining stage of the funeral rite is the scattering of the ashes over the water surface. The analyzed cases illustrate the high preservation and adaptability of the funeral and memorial complex as much as possible corresponding to tradition in India. However, there are some changes in the funeral rite: the reduction of the time period of the 12-day ceremony, involvement of the staff of specialized institutions in the preparation of the deceased for cremation, etc. Also, the Hindus continue to perform the prescribed tradition, which is the last in a series of obligatory rituals – the commemoration of the dead (Śrāddha). In general, the funeral rite and the commemoration of the ancestors are built in the daily religious system of the Diaspora. For Citation: Dronova, D.A., M. L. Butovskaya. Preservation of Hindu funeral and memorial traditions in the Indian diaspora in Tanzania. Herald of Anthropology (Vestnik Antropologii) 2: 72–86. References Bendann, E. 2007. Death customs: An analytical study of burial rites. London, UK: Kessinger Publishing. Bhungalia, S., and C. Kemp. 2002. (Asian) Indian health beliefs and practices related to the end of life. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing 4 (1): 54–58. Bongard-Levin, G.M., M.D. Bukharin, and A.A. Vigasin. 2002. Indiia i antichnyi mir [India and the Ancient world]. Moscow: “Vostochnaia literatura”. Brown, B.W. 2014. End-of-Earth People: The Arctic Sahtu Dene. Toronto: Dundurn Press. Chattopadkh'ia, D. 1981. Zhivoe i Mertvoe v indiiskoi filosofii [The Living and the Dead in Indian Philosophy]. Moscow: Progress. Chopra, D. 2006. Life after death: The burden of proof. New York, NY: Harmony Books. Deshpande, O., C. Reid, and A. Rao. 2005. Attitudes of Asian-Indian Hindus toward end-of-life care. Journal of American Geriatrics Society 53: 131–135. Dridzo, A.D., V.I. Kochnev, and I.M. Semashko. 1978. Indiitsy i Pakistantsy za rubezhom [Indians and Pakistanis abroad]. Moscow. Dronova, D.A. 2019. Historical memory and current status of Indians in Tanzania. In The Omnipresent Past. Historical Anthropology of Africa and African Diaspora, edited by D.M. Bondarenko and M.L. Butovskaya, 369–385. Moscow: Izdatel'skii Dom YaSK. Dronova, D.A. 2014. Indiitsy Dar-es-Salama [Indians of Dar-Es-Salaam]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 5: 175–185. Dronova, D.A., and M.L. Butovskaia. 2020. Predpochteniia v vybore brachnogo partnera u muzhchin i zhenshchin v indiiskoi diaspore Tanzanii [Mating Preferences of Men and Women among the Indian Diaspora in Tanzania]. Vestnik antropologii 3 (51): 120–135. Easwaran, E. 2007. The Bhagavad gita. Tomales, California: Nilgiri Press. Firth, S. 1989. The good death: approaches to death, dying, and bereavement among British Hindus. In Perspectives on Death and Dying, edited by A. Berger, 66-75. Philadelphia, USA: Charles Press. Glushkova, I.P. 2012. Prolog [Prologue]. In Smert' v Makharashtre. Voobrazhenie, vospriiatie, voploshchenie [Death in Maharashtra. Imagination, Perception and Expression], edited by I.P. Glushkova, 13-48. Moscow: Natalis. Grinev, A.V. 1990. Lichnye imena indeitsev tlinkitov [Personal names of the Tlingit Indians] Sovetskaia etnografiia 5: 132–141. Gupta, D. 1998. South Asians in East Africa: Achievement and discrimination. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 21: 107. Gupta, R. 2011. Death beliefs and practices from an Asian Indian American Hindu perspective. Death Studies 35(3): 244–266. Hollingsworth, L.W. 1960. The Asians of East Africa. London. Igbo, P., and P.M. Ayika. 2021. The Doctrine of Afterlife in Ancient Religions Vis-A-Vis the Igbo Notion of Reincarnation. SIST Journal of Religion and Humanities 1 (1): 86–98. Khlebnikov, G.V. 2020. Mistika iudaizma po nekotorym internet-publikatsiiam. Pt. 1 [Mysticism of Judaism according to some online publications. Pt. 1]. Sotsial'nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaia i zarubezhnaia literatura. Ser. 3, Filosofiia: Referativnyi zhurnal 4: 98–-128. Kireeva, N.M. 2018. Narodnye verovaniia i znaniia [Folk beliefs and knowledge]. In Evrei [Jew], edited by T.G. Emel'ianenko and E.E. Nosenko-Shtein, 297–317. Moscow: Nauka. Krasil'nikov, V.A. 2019. Problema bessmertiia cheloveka v traditsionnoi indiiskoi filosofii [The problem of human immortality in traditional Indian philosophy]. Problemy sovremennoi nauki i obrazovaniia 4 (137): 37-40. DOI: 10.24411/2404-2338-2019-10402. Laungani, P. 2001b. Hindu deaths in Britain—Part 2. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 39 (4): 114–120. Laungani, P. 2001a. Hindu Spirituality in Life, Death, and Bereavement. In Cross-Cultural Issues in the Care of the Dying and the Grieving, edited by J. Morgan and P. Laungani. Vol. 1. Amityville, USA: Baywood. Lobo, l. 2000. They came to Africa. 200 years of the Asian Presence in Tanzania. Dar-es-Salaam. Mbachi, V.C. 2020. Paul’s Resurrection in I Corinthians 15: 33-54 in Contradistinction to Reincarnation in Igbo Cosmology. OKH Journal: Anthropological Ethnography and Analysis Through the Eyes of Christian Faith 4 (2): 43–51. Mehta, M. 2001. Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora: Major Historical Trends. Economic and Political Weekly 36 (20): 1739. Obeyesekere, G. 2002. Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth. Berkeley: University of California Press. Obidina, Yu.S. 2010. Uchenie o pereselenii dushi: sud'ba Vostochnoi idei na Zapade [The Doctrine of the Transmigration of the Soul: The Fate of the Eastern Idea in the West]. Zapad-Vostok'. Nauchno-prakticheskii ezhegodnik 3: 5–11. Okoro, K.N. 2019. A Socio-Hermeneutical Discourse on the African Igbo Concept of Reincarnation. International Journal of Management Reviews 15 (1): 1–23. Pandei, R. 1990. Drevneindiiskie domashnie obriady [Ancient Indian Household Rituals]. Moscow: Vysshaia shkola. Prasad, R.C. 1995. The Sradha. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarasidass, Rodzinskii, D.L. 2006. Nebytie i bytie soznaniia v rannikh formakh indiiskoi, kitaiskoi i grecheskoi filosofii [Non-existence and being of consciousness in the early forms of Indian, Chinese, and Greek philosophy]. Moscow: Moskovskii psikhologo-sotsial'nyi institut. Shishelov, N.S. 2020. Teknonimiia v sisteme lichnykh imen severnykh atapaskov [Teknonymy in the Anthroponymic System of Northern Athabaskans]. Voprosy onomastiki 17 (2): 36–58. Slobodin, R. 1994. Kutchin concepts of reincarnation. In Amerindian Rebirth: Reincarnation Belief among North American Indians and Inuit, edited by A. Mills and R. Slobodin, 136–155. Toronto: Toronto Press. Stevenson, I. 1985. The Belief in Reincarnation Among the Igbo of Nigeria. Journal of Asian and African Studies 20 (1–2): 13–30. Voldina, T.V. 2016. Osnovnye printsipy reinkarnatsii u obskikh ugrov [The Main Principles of Reincarnation of the Ob-Ugrians]. Vestnik ugrovedeniia 3 (26): 96–110.

Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.