The Brave New World of Anatomy: Using AI to Grade Practical Examinations
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In a shift of medical education to a competency‐based curriculum, practical examinations (PEs) are an effective but resource‐intensive method of evaluating anatomy students. The short answer format of PEs requires evaluators familiar with the content to mark the exams. Moreover, the increasing transition to online anatomy courses could result in students losing the PE practice they would receive during in‐person sessions. By virtue of the technical and close‐ended nature of typical PE answers as well as grading usually being a binary ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ classification with no partial credit, it was hypothesized that the limited lexicon would allow for accurate grading using artificial intelligence disciplinessuch as natural language processing and decision trees (DTs). This research was done as a first step towards making an intelligent tutoring system for anatomy students. The study used the winter semester online PE results (n = 371) from McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences’ anatomy and physiology course as the data set. For each of the 54 questions, a 10‐fold cross‐validation process was used where 90% of the answers (training set) trained the DT. After removing common words unrelated to correctness (“the”, “a”, “an”, etc.), each DT was comprised of unique words that appeared in student answers in a tree‐like structure of nodes. Each node has an associated word as well as a correct/incorrect classification label and splits into sub‐nodes (creating the tree‐like structure). The remaining 10% of the answers (testing set), was marked by the generated DTs by traversing the tree starting from the top‐most node. After traversing the tree, the classification label of the final node became the grade for the student's answer. Accuracy for each question was calculated as the number of proper classifications by the algorithm over the total number of answers. When the answer marked by the DT were compared to the answers marked by staff and faculty, the DT achieved an average of 94.49% accuracy in grading every non‐blank student answer across all 54 questions. It was found that accuracy was negatively correlated to the number of unique words in the set of answers (‐0.71, p<0.07), which was consistent with the initial hypothesis. As features such as spellchecking were not included in the algorithm to reduce the number of variables, the current results may underestimate the effectiveness of automated PE grading by DTs. The accuracy attained by the algorithms suggests that machine learning algorithms such as NLP and DTs may be used to reduce the workload of manual PE grading by instructional staff and mark a step towards developing an intelligent online PE tutoring system for anatomy.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,009 | 0,052 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».