"Foul, Strange and Unnatural": Poison as a Murder Weapon in English Renaissance Drama
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Less spectacular than theatrical violence involving bloodshed, stage murder by poison is nonetheless unsettling because of its secretive nature.Perceived in Renaissance England as dishonorable and unmanly, poison was often associated with women as the "weaker" sex, with discriminated minorities such as Jews, and with Machiavellian politics from continental Europe.Compared with theatrical plays involving violence killing by poison, with no physical struggle between opponents, no clash of weapons, severed limbs, and generally no bloodshed, may be lacking in exciting dramatics, but it is nonetheless deeply unsettling, "foul, strange and unnatural" (Hamlet 1.5.26), 1 precisely because of the secretive and mysteriously lethal nature of the often invisible weapon aimed at unsuspecting victims.As a form of homicide in early modern England murder by poison was in a category of its own.Writing in 1614 the lawyer Sir John Croke opined that "of all murders poisoning is ye worst and more horrible 1 Because it is secret 2 Because it is not to bee prevented 3 Because it is most against nature and therefore most heinous 4 It is alsoe a Cowardly thing" (qtd. in Gaskill 208).Unlike strangulation, cutting and penetration with weapons such as swords, daggers, crossbows and firearms, poison affects the organism undetected and destroys it, initially without symptoms, gradually from within.Poison is a "Cowardly thing" because it is an asymmetrical weapon-often used as a tactic of the weak and marginal against the powerful-which can kill without incurring any risks on the attacker (Bellany 559, 561).As a form of premeditated violence poison has been almost universally judged as dishonorable and unmanly, and for that reason often associated with women, members of other disempowered social and ethnic groups and, as perceived in Renaissance England, with Machiavellian politics from continental Europe, especially Italy.When committed by men in positions of power, in drama most famously in Hamlet, murder by poison has been considered beneath contempt, unchivalric and deceitful, precisely because of its violation of fair play in denying the victim/opponent an opportunity of self-defence.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».