Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Jewish Patterns of Settlement in Copenhagen 1682-1801 The main basis for this article is a protocol which Josef Fischer, a librarian at the Jewish Community of Copenhagen, made for the Jewish community in 1904-1907. On the basis of tax lists, the protocol shows where the Jews resided in the period from 1682 to1799, placed in their specific houses, streets and quarters. Such tax lists were made almost every year. In 1728, there was, however, a big fire which destroyed almost half of the houses in the city. Afterwards, the citizens were registered, and that registration clearly shows that the number of Jews actually living in the city of Copenhagen were much higher than the number registered on the tax lists. But even so, there is no basis for not believing, that the areas where the Jews primarily settled were any others than what the tax lists show. In that period, Copenhagen consisted of 12 quarters, and about 85% of the Jews settled in only three of these quarters, namely the quarters nearest to the royal castle. And this pattern of settlement is evident in almost all lists from the 18th century. In 1787, the first census was made in Denmark; the next one was in 1801. Steen Felding has tallied the number of Jews in these censuses – also for Copenhagen – and they show a higher number of Jews than the taxation lists. In 1787, the total number of Jews in Copenhagen was 1,541. The total population of Copenhagen was 90,032; hence, the Jewish part of the population was 1.71%. But in the quarter called Snaren, the percentage of Jews was 25.2; in Frimand, it was 17.9; in Strand, 16.4; in Vester, 14.5; and in Koebmager, 14.1. Thus, 88.1% of the Jews lived in these five quarters, where they were very visible in the streets. In 1795, Copenhagen was struck by another big fire. Therefore, the census of 1801 is less reliable as a marker for the Jewish settlement. This census, however, shows a wider dispersion. The total number of Jews has increased to 1,901; the total population, however, had increased to 100,887, making the percentage of Jews 1.88. But of these, only 74.9% lived in the five quarters mentioned above. Although there was never a ghetto in Copenhagen, it is obvious that the Jews settled close to each other. I have especially counted the Jews in the streets of Laederstraede in the Strand Quarter and Kompagnistraede in the Snaren Quarter – these two streets physically forming one street. In Laederstrade, there were four to five synagogues during the period mentioned. In 1787, the Jews in Laederstraede made up 26.8% of the population; in Kompagnistraede, it was 25%. In 1801, the Jews made up 18.6% of the population of Laederstraede and 19.7% of the population of Kompagnistraede. Thus, these two streets are the closest Copenhagen ever came to a ‘Judengasse’.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,012 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».