Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Selection can generate risk of maladaptive extremes in sexually dimorphic and sex-limited traits.In humans, such extremes commonly manifest in diseases associated with sex and reproduction.Endometriosis involves endometrial tissue that proliferates at non-uterine sites.The proximate causes of endometriosis remain enigmatic, and its ultimate, evolutionary basis has only recently come under investigation.We propose and evaluate a new theory for helping to explain the evolution of endometriosis risk in humans.By this theory, endometriosis risk evolved in the context of sexual selection by males for high, relatively female-biased expression of sexually-dimorphic and female-limited phenotypes associated with high female reproductive fitness and low testosterone.The theory is supported by extensive data, from humans and non-human mammals, showing that: (1) endometriosis involves higher expression of major female-biasing genes, and lower expression of major male-biasing genes, that orchestrate prenatal sexual differentiation, including the genes Foxl2, Wnt4, Fst, Ctnnb1, Rspo1, Sox9 and Amh, (2) endometriosis and its correlates are associated with low prenatal and postnatal testosterone, both of which have female-biasing effects on traits, (3) low prenatal and postnatal testosterone, and endometriosis, are associated with relatively female-biased phenotypic expression for a large suite of sexually-dimorphic and sex-limited traits, (4) relatively female-biased expression of these traits is commonly associated with higher fertility and fecundity, (5) some traits, including female facial features, vocal pitch, and breast size, fit with all of the predictions of the model, though they have yet to be studied in relation to endometriosis, and (6) traits linked with low prenatal and postnatal testosterone (or high estradiol), and traits associated with endometriosis in humans, are preferred by males across multiple species of non-human mammals.Risk and symptoms of endometriosis thus appear to involve and represent, in part, maladaptive extremes of sexually selected female-limited and sexually-dimorphic traits.Such trait expression is mediated by genetic and environmental factors that bias development and physiology towards relatively low-testosterone and high-estradiol (as well as high-oxytocin) states.The hypothesis makes many testable predictions, and has direct implications for understanding the causes and treatment of endometriosis.traits shift, over evolutionary time, in the 'female' direction, the females in the forefront -the female biased tail -of the distribution would exhibit relatively extreme levels of the salient phenotypes (Figure 2).Such individuals thus come, after some period of time, to exhibit extremes of these reproduction-related adaptations that can become maladaptive and manifest as symptoms of disease that reduce fitness.Sexual and natural selection for 'more-female' traits, and higher reproduction, may then come to be more or less balanced by natural selection that is mediated by reproductive problems and disease.This process essentially represents Fisher's (1915) original model for sexual selection, applied to human reproductive development, physiology and behavior.The idea that female 'attractiveness' may be associated with endometriosis, due to the joint dependence of these two phenomena on sex steroids, was originally suggested by Laura Buggio and colleagues (2012), and is specified, developed, extended, and tested here.By the hypothesis evaluated here, endometriosis can be conceptualized as the 'extreme female body' with regard to reproductive traits, traits indicative of high reproductive success, and developmentally or functionally associated sex-limited or sexually-dimorphic traits.The hypothesis is conjectural, but makes a large series of explicit predictions for each process involved in the evolution and maintenance of endometriosis risk.The hypothesis is therefore amenable to robust tests, and it provides the first conceptual framework, grounded in human evolutionary biology, for understanding this enigmatic disease. Testing the hypothesisThe predictions of the sexual selection hypothesis for endometriosis fall into six major domains.The predictions involve different sets of links between endometriosis, endometriosis-associated traits, sexual dimorphism, testosterone and estradiol, correlates of fitness, and male mate preferences, among humans and non-human mammals.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».