Has the application of section 217.1 of the Criminal Code succeeded in remedying the deficiencies in Canadian criminal law at the time of the Westray disaster?
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Bill C-45 became Canadian law in 2004. It created new criminal law duties for workplace health and safety (Bill C-45, 2004). This Bill implemented, in part, section 217.1 of the Criminal Code which established a new criminal law duty, applicable to everyone who has the authority to direct how another person does their work, to take reasonable steps to ensure their safety (Criminal Code, SC 2003, c. 21, s. 3). Sixteen years have passed since this Bill became law, providing ample time to analyze the success or failure of section 217.1 in remedying the issues in Canadian law present at the time of the Westray disaster (Criminal Code, SC 003, c. 21, s. 3). This paper evaluates, based on available evidence and primarily Canadian Court decisions which have considered this "new" section of the Criminal Code, whether Bill C-45has been successful and achieved its stated purpose (Criminal Code, 1985) (Bill C-45,2004). In that regard I will consider the following more specific, and in some cases counterfactual questions: (1) whether sections 217.1 and 22.1 of Bill C-45 would have resulted in a successful criminal prosecution in the Westray case (2)the judicial consideration of section 217.1 since 2004 (3) and cases where there has been a successful prosecution with respect to section 217.1, the impact that sentencing decisions have had on possible deterrence and workplace safety in Canada (Criminal Code, SC 2003, c. 21, s. 3). I conclude that (1) sections 217.1 and 22.1 would not have resulted in a successful criminal prosecution of any managers or officers of Curragh Inc., the owners of the Westray mine, (2) since 2004 there have been very few successful prosecutions using section 217.1, and the narrow judicial interpretation of section 217.1, and the fact that it does not create a separate criminal offence but merely a criminal law duty, has limited the effectiveness of Bill C-45 (Bill C-45, 2004). Moreover, where there have been successful prosecutions the sentences have been relatively lenient, (3) the relevant statistics and caselaw since 2004 illustrate limited deterrence or at least no positive trend in workplace injuries and deaths in Canada (Criminal Code, SC 2003, c. 21, s. 3). Given this analysis, section 217.1 and Bill C-45 generally have not succeeded in remedying the deficiencies in Canadian criminal law since (Bill C-45, 2004, "Section 217.1"). One of the main reasons for this is that this section does not create a criminal offence per se but rather a criminal law duty. For the "Westray Bill," and in particular section 217.1, to fulfill its intended purpose, it must be revised.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».