Tribute to Derek Long: An instant snapshot of the development of Raman spectroscopy and its application in the fields of instrumentation and methodology, solid‐state materials, cultural heritage, DFT modeling and applications in biology, microbiology, and medicine

This special issue of the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy dedicated to Professor Derek Long provides a snapshot of the uses and improvements made in the technique, the development of which he was personally deeply involved in both fundamentally, theoretically and in the field of its applications. Data collected by the web of science indicate 75 articles for its activity at the University of Bradford from 1975 to 2008 (for a total of about 200),[1] listed under the qualifying categories: spectroscopy (82%), physical (66%), chemistry (32%), crystallography (21%), biophysics (8%), engineering (8%), cell biology (7%), instrumentation (4%), optics (3%), and polymer science (3%). However, there is no doubt that his main impact on the community of Raman spectroscopists is certainly his two textbooks, the first entitled “Raman Spectroscopy” published in 1977 by McGraw-Hill (270 pp)[2] and the second “The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules” published in 2002 by John Wiley[3] (584 pp) and also the foundation with H.J. Bernstein (NRCC, Ottawa, Canada) as Editors-in-Chief along with J.P. Mathieu (CNRS, France) and B. Schrader (Universität Essen, Germany) as Associate Editors of the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy in 1973 and of which he was Editor-in-Chief for many years. The first book, which was instantly recognizable from its cover representing a painting called “Misty Flight” by Ronald Lowe, which portrayed his country home in Pembrokeshire where much of the book, was composed. The book had an important impact upon the community of analytical Raman spectroscopists and chemists by its clarity of presentation with illustrative support; this was indeed rare as other books available at that time (such as that of J.A. Koningstein, 1972)[4] being much more austere in their outlook. The second book, which took him over 13 years in the making, developed the background theory more completely but still presented the same characteristics of rigor and clarity as were bestowed upon the first.[5] Derek Long was also a prime mover in originating the successful and ongoing conference series called ICORS, the International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy, with Harold Bernstein in Ottawa in 1969, being Chairman of the Second ICORS meeting at Oxford in 1970. The issue begins with four Memorial Contributions for Derek A. Long. The first two are by Howell Edwards, and the first of these[6] covers the years from 1995 to 2020, the highlight for Raman scattering being the publication of his authoritative book entitled, The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules published by Wiley & Sons, Chichester in 2002.[3] This first memorial also includes other interests and diverse activities of Derek outside his academic accomplishments in the field of Raman scattering and gives us a glimpse of Derek as a man beyond our knowledge of him has founding and longtime Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. The second memorial by Howell was published in August 1995 (J. Raman Spectrosc. 26, 587–593) to commemorate the occasion of Dereks 70th birthday and is published here again in its entirety.[7] This memorial includes a complete annotated and topic organized listing of all of Dereks publications from 1949 to 1995. The third memorial contribution, written by Wolfgang Kiefer,[8] is focused mainly on Dereks role in establishing the conference series International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (ICORS) from its inception in 1969 to the present day. Many examples are given of Dereks involvement in particular ICORS meetings that helped establish this conferences series as the definitive source of research at the frontier of Raman spectroscopy. Also described is the careful transfer of the Editor-in-Chief position from Derek to Wolfgang that took place in 1999. The final memorial contribution is a short personal reflection offered by Shu-Lin Zhang who regarded Derek as his long-respected teacher and close friend.[9] The memorial contains a unique glimpse of Dereks influence in promoting Raman spectroscopy in China through his books and meeting with Shu-Lin. The 46 contributions of this issue, including 9 review papers, are divided into 5 topics, namely, Instrumentation and Methodology (5 papers), Solid-State Materials (9), Cultural Heritage (9), DFT modeling (5), and Applications in Biology, Microbiology and Medicine (18), the latter part accounting for nearly 40% of the contributions in number, even more in the number of pages. A review of Derek Long's work shows that he sensed very early the potential of Raman Spectroscopy in Biology, as also in Cultural Heritage, for instance, his latest contribution to the research literature being dedicated to the analysis of ivories.[10] Contributors are coming from 23 countries, most of them being international collaborative works: UK (13), Brazil (9), USA (8), Japan (6), Germany (6), Italy (4), Argentina (3), France (3), India (3), Spain (3), Belgium (2), Taiwan (2), Bolivia (1), Canada (1), Chile (1), China (2), Australia (1), Czech Republic (1), Finland (1), Hungary (1), New Zealand (1), Thailand (1), and Russia (1). Only the country of the corresponding author will be then mentioned in this introductory paper, and many other international scientists are involved in each collaborative work. Most of the various facets of the Raman scattering technique (such as standard backscattering analysis, the use of various exciting wavelengths, Resonance Raman spectroscopy, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy [SERS], Coherent anti-Stoke Raman Spectroscopy [CARS], polarization spectral measurement, in situ studies, and mobile instrumentation) are described or used here. The increasing importance of the use of Density Functional Theory modeling and of multivariate techniques of data analysis (now called AI [Artificial Intelligence]) is also evident. Derek Long's generation of Raman spectroscopists (including many contributors to this issue) have been privileged to experience the huge development in computer, laser, and optical technologies starting in the 1960s–1980s (lasers) and then continuing from the 1990s (such as CCDs, computers, solid-state lasers, piezoelectric stages, and AFM tip spectroscopy). The first contribution by Pienpinijtham et al. (Electric field analysis, polarization, excitation wavelength dependence, and novel applications of tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS), Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Japan)[11] reviews the theoretical and physical foundations of Tip Enhancement Raman Spectroscopy (TERS), in particular electric field analysis, polarization, and excitation wavelength dependence and uses examples concerning “classic” (epitaxial graphene and graphene oxide) and chemically modified tips (e.g., nanoscale pH measurement and eniantiometric discrimination) to conclude on the prospects for evolution. The second contribution of Sifat and Potma (Optimizing the and of tips in tip-enhanced Raman University of is with the of tips the the The use of focused the of on the tip in a for the of the a that has in the research community time are used to both the and of that be with of the be with by on the the be even that are to the from an tip of The third contribution to this from and of for Coherent Raman on the theoretical and of for Raman spectroscopy and the of for are for a of with are also each of the on their theoretical and to a excitation of other including of the on from to and excitation by are The contribution of et al. of Raman a for the of the of Raman with The developed is for Raman in the the Raman of and for were the of the The presented a to be in the of the Raman for The was by the from the Raman and them with the corresponding The of a Raman was to be the and of the the first two of the are the from Raman spectral to a novel the of Raman spectroscopy. The contribution for this topic of this by et al. of a Raman with a University the development of a Raman Raman spectroscopy is an for the and of of and of the source are both important for on the and of the from the Raman However, is to which is the of a is close to the from a from the are to with a The spectral and of the are and close to the The of with the at and has been with the developed Raman a of the contributions with Solid-State Materials spectroscopy. The contribution of and use of Raman and spectroscopy in the the with the same of in the and of and Russia and University of is on the use of Raman and spectroscopy in the to complete by the be by other from two to are by The of the of in and for all is and are where the in the of to the with be The of a of a by the from and Raman is and examples are including and The contribution of et al. of and excitation on the Raman of uses Raman of and with excitation of and The Raman for all were by the dependence of the and The in and their and on both the of the or and the excitation The of Raman for excitation is to the Raman which both the and of the Raman Raman are in the of and their are or the The work the importance of the of that be used to to the of polarization or et al. Raman from for short of a theoretical on a and polarization to Raman scattering for The has been of Raman scattering data by with the The has also been used to the to which the in and is with the A the Raman position and is also The contribution of et Raman and spectroscopy with a of spectroscopy on Raman scattering and The of by in the are to Raman and a chemically spectroscopy of and a spectral from the to including are used as Raman spectroscopy is a for of all of science of its to about This technique is to in a that the A on various that the Raman for a is by and spectral from and physical and their of the of Raman from important about the in by the Raman are to the influence of excitation and This review with the of Raman in to various physical and their which the of The of Raman in physical place in a have also been The contribution of et al. Spectroscopy and as an for Materials in with the use of as an in The development of the of more and for This is used to the of for and in of the in the as an and & the of Raman on the analysis of the that (such as the of and the of a particular used in the as in The that that and be by Raman et Raman of and its of of of the of exciting in the on are used to to the Raman both from and the corresponding The in the Raman of both and under the The Raman was to including that on the originating from a for its and our of The of et al. of a Surface for on University of on the Raman analysis of a that was to through impact to the of The was the in an to that for The that the in the that have of to impact from the an in to the This has for potential more Cultural Heritage was topic that the of Derek Long at the of his The review of and situ Raman spectroscopy for studies, the many characteristics of the Raman technique in the field of Cultural Heritage as the time of analysis and of both and the and on the the many years of ongoing and have Raman spectroscopy is as a technique for the of of of and the of their the of the The reviews of the of Raman analysis of in as the and contributions the of for which Raman is and and in A for Raman spectroscopy, Spain and Bradford and of have been described by and and as and for and and for in their is in the most that the first and were and called but have to The contribution the Raman of the and two and and their et al. and of as in of for the of the of in from the in on the from the and were by spectroscopy with spectroscopy and with spectroscopy a was a for its use as a in the of The in the an of in this the of the as et al. analysis of in the University of have the for and Raman Raman analysis was The which were in the and were and a of was The analysis has the used by the as as the work. et al. of the in a John University of the Raman technique in the of of from a painting the of a by the John the were made and that the painting and to be by the the were by the from the this be in to the of the technique to be by into and four that to the painting being to et al. of from in have from the in to early The and the are through spectroscopy, field with spectroscopy, and with was to the used as The were by of as as and The were with data of the same The contribution by et al. of the and of Raman and with to the the first made in the and the very of the made with and that the of in are with mobile and Raman of are but also two being both with and The from the of the and of of the mobile and Raman the of Raman scattering is very for the of of is to the use of et al. and Raman of have from in the and in Brazil by Raman spectroscopy, at the of their and were used as The and as and The were into each a of Raman that most of them are very a background excitation was used to and upon excitation in the the background the The of in both and is the even the was used the much et al. and analysis of from a from the University of from a from an early as in by in the part of the of in a from to has been as a to The to novel and data from of or is for the of unique the to and the of about the of of the as as their Raman data on the of and on the of on the are to from of the in the the of and from Raman of the of the are the of were by The of the of that have in the and and spectroscopy about the The is a of the and from the to the analytical a time Density Functional Theory modeling was to the of but the development of the DFT and to more with in the issue are of the facets of this and of the and its The is a of a The University of on the DFT modeling of and its The that the which is regarded as a to a is present for of the but for is that the in A have a through the of the two in the but the in the of the for the in very from the in two and the other or much are The two for the in are to the two in which the at the or the in and from the of the et Resonance Raman spectroscopy of and University of Germany) on the use of Raman scattering to to and and The of is as as in Raman scattering to the involvement of and This the with theoretical by is an for a and theory is and of into contributions including and contributions to a close to the is The shows that the of a and for the analysis and of Raman of to is et al. 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