Update Alert 8: Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Coronavirus Infection in Health Care Workers

Letters30 March 2021Update Alert 8: Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Coronavirus Infection in Health Care WorkersFREERoger Chou, MD, Tracy Dana, MLS, David I. Buckley, MD, MPH, Shelley Selph, MD, MPH, Rongwei Fu, PhD, and Annette M. Totten, PhDRoger Chou, MDPacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OregonSearch for more papers by this author, Tracy Dana, MLSPacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OregonSearch for more papers by this author, David I. Buckley, MD, MPHPacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University–Portland State University, Portland, OregonSearch for more papers by this author, Shelley Selph, MD, MPHPacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OregonSearch for more papers by this author, Rongwei Fu, PhDPacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University–Portland State University, Portland, OregonSearch for more papers by this author, and Annette M. Totten, PhDPacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OregonSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/L21-0143 SectionsSupplemental MaterialAboutVisual AbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail This is the eighth update alert for a living rapid review on the epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers (HCWs) (1). Updates on the original scope were monthly through update alert 7 (2), at which time the interval was switched to bimonthly for subsequent updates that focused on risk factors for coronavirus infection. Update searches were done from 25 December 2020 to 24 February 2021 using the same search strategies as the original review. The update searches identified 3267 citations. We applied the same inclusion criteria used for prior updates, with previously described protocol modifications (3) to focus on higher-quality evidence. Twenty studies on risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection were added for this update (Supplement Tables 1 to 6) (4–23).The original rapid review included 34 studies on risk factors for coronavirus infections (3 studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection, 29 studies on SARS-CoV-1 infection, and 2 studies on Middle East respiratory syndrome–CoV infection) (1); 64 studies (62 studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection, 0 studies on SARS-CoV-1 infection, and 2 studies on Middle East respiratory syndrome–CoV infection) were added in prior updates (2, 3, 24–28). For this update, 10 cohort studies (5, 6, 11, 14, 17–19, 21–23) and 10 cross-sectional studies (4, 6–8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20) were added (Supplement Table 1). Fifteen studies were done in Europe (4 studies in Spain [4, 7, 10, 12]; 2 each in Germany [8, 14], Italy [19, 23], and the United Kingdom [9, 12]; and 1 each in Belgium [5], Denmark [21], France [22], Lithuania [20], and Norway [11]) and 5 were done in the United States (13, 15, 16, 18) or Canada (17). Similar to the studies included in prior updates, these had methodological limitations, including potential recall bias, low or unclear participation rates, small sample sizes, and potential collinearity. Some studies did not control for confounders; those that did report adjusted estimates were limited in their ability to control for exposures and personal protective equipment use.Similar to prior report updates, estimates did not indicate an association between sex (17 studies [4–16, 18, 19, 22, 23]) and risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or seropositivity. Thirteen studies (4–6, 8–13, 15, 16, 19, 23) found no consistent association between age and risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 14 new studies (4, 6, 7, 9–11, 13–15, 18–21, 23) found no consistent association between health worker role (nurse vs. physician) and risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including 2 studies (14, 19) that reported adjusted risk estimates. Six new studies (6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18) done in the United States or the United Kingdom reported on the relationship between race/ethnicity and SARS-CoV-2 infection. In studies that controlled for confounders, Black HCWs (adjusted odds ratios [ORs], 1.66 to 2.10) (6, 13, 15, 16) and Hispanic HCWs (adjusted ORs, 1.32 to 1.98) were at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection versus White HCWs (13, 16). One other study reported similar findings based on adjusted incidence rate ratios for Black (2.78 [95% CI, 1.78 to 4.33]) and Hispanic (2.41 [CI, 1.42 to 4.07]) HCWs versus non-Hispanic White HCWs (18). The results from the new studies were generally consistent with prior updates on the association between demographic or clinical characteristics and risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs (Supplement Table 3).One new study found that the presence of IgG antibodies was associated with a decreased risk for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in HCWs on the basis of polymerase chain reaction testing (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.3 [CI, 0.03 to 0.44] for presence of anti-spike IgG; adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.06 [CI, 0.01 to 0.46] for presence of anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid IgG) (Supplement Table 3) (9). The association between SARS-CoV-2 antibody status and risk for infection in HCWs was not evaluated in studies included in the original review or prior updates.Eleven new studies evaluated associations between more direct patient contact or contact with patients with COVID-19 and risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection (Supplement Table 3) (6, 8, 10–12, 14–19). In 5 studies that controlled for potential confounders, working in a hospital unit with patients with COVID-19 versus not working in a COVID-19 unit (adjusted ORs, 1.50 to 2.39) (6, 15, 16), being a frontline worker versus a nonfrontline worker (adjusted OR, 1.73 [CI, 1.16 to 2.54]) (18), and direct patient contact versus no or minimal patient contact (adjusted OR, 2.06 [CI, 1.63 to 2.62]) (12) were each associated with increased risk for infection.Regarding infection control training and use, 1 new study found that personal protective equipment (PPE) training was associated with a decreased risk for infection versus no training, but the estimate was imprecise (adjusted OR, 0.71 [CI, 0.25 to 2.13]) (Supplement Table 4) (19). One study reported an imprecise estimate for N95 versus surgical mask and found that use of eye protection (face shield and goggles) versus nonuse was associated with decreased risk (OR, 0.55 [CI, 0.36 to 0.84]) (Supplement Table 5) (13). One study reported that use of PPE “as recommended” was associated with decreased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection versus no use (adjusted OR, 0.8 [CI, 0.4 to 1.4]) or unsure use (adjusted OR, 0.6 [CI, 0.6 to 0.9]) (15). One study reported exposure to a patient with known or suspected COVID-19 without use of PPE (adjusted OR, 1.47 [CI, 1.26 to 1.70]) (6) and 1 study reported patient contact with partial PPE versus no contact (OR, 2.5 [CI, 0.5 to 12.2]) (11) were associated with increased risk. Overall, results regarding exposures and PPE were judged to be consistent with prior updates (Supplement Tables 3 to 6).References1. Chou R, Dana T, Buckley DI, et al. Epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers: a living rapid review. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:120-136. [PMID: 32369541]. doi:10.7326/M20-1632 LinkGoogle Scholar2. Chou R, Dana T, Buckley DI, et al. Update alert 7: epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2021. [PMID: 33556273]. doi:10.7326/L21-0034 Google Scholar3. Chou R, Dana T, Buckley DI, et al. Update alert 2: epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:W77. [PMID: 32663033]. doi:10.7326/M20-4806 LinkGoogle Scholar4. Barallat J, Fernández-Rivas G, Quirant-Sánchez B, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG specific antibodies among healthcare workers in the northern metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain, after the first pandemic wave. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0244348. [PMID: 33370363] doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244348 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. El Abdellati K, Coppens V, Goossens J, et al. Hospital-wide SARS-CoV-2 antibody screening of staff in a university psychiatric centre in Belgium. BJPsych Open. 2021;7:e40. [PMID: 33468277] doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.172 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. Eyre DW, Lumley SF, O’Donnell D, et al; Oxford University Hospitals Staff Testing Group. Differential occupational risks to healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2 observed during a prospective observational study. Elife. 2020;9. [PMID: 32820721] doi:10.7554/eLife.60675 CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. Garralda Fernandez J, Molero Vilches I, Bermejo Rodríguez A, et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic among health care workers in a secondary teaching hospital in Spain. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0245001. [PMID: 33444392] doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245001 MedlineGoogle Scholar8. Herzberg J, Vollmer T, Fischer B, et al. Prospective sero-epidemiological evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 among health care workers in a German secondary care hospital. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:136-143. [PMID: 33075538] doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.026 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Lumley SF, O’Donnell D, Stoesser NE, et al; Oxford University Hospitals Staff Testing Group. Antibody status and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:533-540. [PMID: 33369366] doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034545 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10. Moncunill G, Mayor A, Santano R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and antibody kinetics among health care workers in a Spanish hospital after 3 months of follow-up. J Infect Dis. 2021;223:62-71. [PMID: 33175145] doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa696 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. Trieu MC, Bansal A, Madsen A, et al; Bergen COVID-19 Research Group. SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in Norwegian health care workers after the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study. J Infect Dis. 2021;223:589-599. [PMID: 33247924] doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa737 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Varona JF, Madurga R, Peñalver F, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in over 6000 healthcare workers in Spain. Int J Epidemiol. 2021. [PMID: 33434269] doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa277 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. Venugopal U, Jilani N, Rabah S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among health care workers in a New York City hospital: a cross-sectional analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:63-69. [PMID: 33075539] doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.036 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. Bahrs C, Kimmig A, Weis S, et al. Prospective surveillance study in a 1,400-bed university hospital: COVID-19 exposure at home was the main risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 point seroprevalence among hospital staff. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021. [PMID: 33605549] doi:10.1111/tbed.14041 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. Baker JM, Nelson KN, Overton E, et al. Quantification of occupational and community risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among health care workers in a large U.S. health care system. Ann Intern Med. 2021. [PMID: 33513035]. doi:10.7326/M20-7145 LinkGoogle Scholar16. Ebinger JE, Botwin GJ, Albert CM, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e043584. [PMID: 33579769] doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043584 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Ferreira VH, Chruscinski A, Kulasingam V, et al. Prospective observational study and serosurvey of SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic healthcare workers at a Canadian tertiary care center. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0247258. [PMID: 33592074] doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247258 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18. Lan FY, Filler R, Mathew S, et al. Sociodemographic risk factors for COVID-19 infection among Massachusetts healthcare workers: a retrospective cohort study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021:1-23. [PMID: 33504372] doi:10.1017/ice.2021.17 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. Milazzo L, Lai A, Pezzati L, et al. Dynamics of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers at a COVID-19 referral hospital in Milan, Italy. Occup Environ Med. 2021. [PMID: 33542096] doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-107060 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20. Pereckaite L, Dambrauskiene A, Urboniene D, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in healthcare workers of Kaunas hospitals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57. [PMID: 33562085] doi:10.3390/medicina57020148 MedlineGoogle Scholar21. Rasmussen KMB, Andersen PA, Channir HI, et al. COVID-19 infection rate among tertiary referral center otorhinolaryngology healthcare workers. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021. [PMID: 33544196] doi:10.1007/s00405-021-06615-w CrossrefGoogle Scholar22. Tubiana S, Burdet C, Houhou N, et al. High-risk exposure without personal protective equipment and infection with SARS-CoV-2 in-hospital workers—The CoV-CONTACT cohort [Letter]. J Infect. 2021. [PMID: 33545165] doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.026 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar23. Vimercati L, Stefanizzi P, De Maria, et al. Large-scale IgM and IgG SARS-CoV-2 serological screening among healthcare workers with a low infection prevalence based on nasopharyngeal swab tests in an Italian university hospital: perspectives for public health. Environ Res. 2021;195:110793. [PMID: 33508260] doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110793 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar24. Chou R, Dana T, Buckley DI, et al. Update alert: epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:W46-W47. [PMID: 32515983]. doi:10.7326/L20-0768 LinkGoogle Scholar25. Chou R, Dana T, Buckley DI, et al. Update alert 3: epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:W123-W124. [PMID: 32744870]. doi:10.7326/L20-1005 LinkGoogle Scholar26. Chou R, Dana T, Buckley DI, et al. Update alert 4: epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:143-144. [PMID: 32915642]. doi:10.7326/L20-1134 LinkGoogle Scholar27. Chou R, Dana T, Buckley DI, et al. Update alert 5: epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:W154-W55. [PMID: 33076695]. doi:10.7326/L20-1227 LinkGoogle Scholar28. Chou R, Dana T, Selph S, et al. Update alert 6: epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174:W18-W19. [PMID: 33226856]. doi:10.7326/L20-1323 LinkGoogle Scholar Comments 0 Comments Sign In to Submit A Comment Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Roger Chou, MD; Tracy Dana, MLS; David I. Buckley, MD, MPH; Shelley Selph, MD, MPH; Rongwei Fu, PhD; Annette M. Totten, PhDAffiliations: Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OregonPacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University–Portland State University, Portland, OregonDisclaimer: The original review was funded by the World Health Organization. The World Health Organization staff developed the key questions and scope for the original review but did not have any role in the selection, assessment, or synthesis of evidence for this update.Disclosures: Disclosures can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=L21-0143.Corresponding Author: Roger Chou, MD, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code BICC, Portland, OR 97239; e-mail, chour@ohsu.edu.This article was published at Annals.org on 30 March 2021. 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