Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) was a Moravian biologist from whose quantitative plant breeding studies were derived laws of inheritance that founded a new branch of biology, genetics. He crossed varieties of peas and examined the distribution of characters among offspring over successive generations. Hybrids resulting from crossing two varieties with contrasting characters did not breed true. They were not the ‘constant hybrids’ much sought by professional breeders that might lead to independent species. In the 1880s Mendel's work was appreciated by Wilhelm Focke and George Romanes, who initiated similar studies with animals. Studies with plants were initiated in the 1890s by European botanists who discovered Mendel's work in 1900. A relationship of hereditary units that determined characters – now known as genes – to chromosomes was noted by cytologist Michael Guyer in 1900. The major early advocate of Mendel's work, zoologist William Bateson, agreed with Mendel that new species could emerge discontinuously. Key Concepts For his experiments it was essential that Mendel chose characters in pea plants that would breed true. He found that hybrids between lines which themselves bred true, did not breed true. They were not ‘constant hybrids’. At that time many thought that constant hybrids would indicate a continuous species origination process. From ‘brother‐sister’ matings of pea hybrids, Mendel derived quantitative laws. His units that determined characters – now known as genes – were located to chromosomes by Michael Guyer. Without knowledge of Mendel's laws, European botanists rediscovered them in plants. William Bateson confirmed that Mendel's laws applied to various animal and plant species. Mendel's laws were challenged by mathematical biologists (biometricians). Mendel followed the statistics of his time and his results have withstood the test of time. Mendel's view that new species can arise discontinuously without the involvement of natural selection has gained support.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».