Political Data and Developments in 2020: Politics During a Global Pandemic
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The year 2020 was the most disrupted year in politics since the 1992 launch of the Political Data Yearbook, which covered political data and developments in 1991.In December 2019, news emerged from China of a new respiratory virus infecting, hospitalizing and killing many otherwise healthy people.The world began to take significant note as January and February 2020 progressed, with the World Health Organization (WHO) finally declaring a pandemic on 11 March.The new virus, a novel coronavirus, was eventually named COVID-19 to distinguish it from other coronaviruses.How it spread was initially unclear, but the results were dramatic, beginning with the lockdown of Wuhan, the city of the first major outbreak, and other measures across China.How the pandemic developed, and the subsequent emergency measures imposed by governments, posed profound challenges to the conduct of democratic politics across the world in 2020. COVID-19As the virus spread, Italy was the first European, and Political Data Yearbook, country badly hit.The Italian government declared several areas in the North of the country 'red zones' where movement was severely restricted, before Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte dramatically announced, in a televised address to Italians, a national lockdown on 10 March.Other countries followed suit.Spain called a State of Alarm on 14 March allowing for a lockdown until late July.France's initial lockdown was introduced on 17 March, lasting until 11 May.Australia and New Zealand both effectively closed their borders to international travel throughout the year, while travel restrictions were introduced in other countries.Towards the end of 2020, many countries reimposed lockdowns, as cases rose and new variants, notably the Delta variant, took hold.Lockdowns were not always a straightforward process, however.After a considerable amount of indecision, the UK announced its initial lockdown on 23 March, also by a national televised address by Prime Minister Boris Johnson.The delay in doing so has subsequently been argued to have cost many lives.In the United States, such decisions were left to the states, but in the face of a hostile President Donald Trump denying the seriousness of the public health situation.Federalism in Germany meant that the Bundestag and Chancellor Angela Merkel were reliant on leaders in the Länder to implement the necessary social distancing and lockdown measures.Sweden most obviously chose a different path, reliant upon recommendations and voluntary participation rather than legally imposed restrictions.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,024 | 0,026 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,014 | 0,013 |
| Communication savante | 0,024 | 0,023 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,011 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,009 | 0,020 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,012 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».