Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine

Acute otitis media (AOM) is diagnosed frequently in early childhood; its peak incidence is between 6 and 15 months of age. (1) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the leading bacterial causes. Eighty percent of AOM cases resolve without treatment within 3 days. (2)(3) This high rate of spontaneous resolution along with variations in diagnostic criteria complicate studies of otitis media. Most cases of AOM are treated with antibiotics and pain relievers, but antibiotics may contribute to antimicrobial resistance or produce adverse effects (AEs) such as diarrhea. (4) These concerns, in part, have led some parents to turn to the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to treat childhood AOM. This review of published scientific literature examines some commonly used CAM therapies in the prevention and treatment of childhood AOM.A Cochrane systematic review conducted in 2004 (4) assessed the effectiveness of NHEDs in the management of ear pain associated with AOM in two randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) (Table 1). The first study compared an NHED comprised of Calendula flores (marigold), garlic (Allium sativum), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), and St. John's wort (Hypericum perfoliatum) in olive oil with anesthetic eardrops. (5) The second study compared NHED (garlic, mullein, marigold, St John's wort, lavender, and vitamin E in olive oil) to anesthetic eardrops with and without antibiotics. (6) Findings from these trials point to NHEDs being modestly therapeutic for pain associated with AOM compared with anesthetic eardrops. However, the trials have some methodologic problems: lack of allocation concealment, power calculation, and intention-to-treat analysis. Two children dropped out of the first study because of the odor of NHED; no other AEs were documented. (5) The evidence regarding safety and efficacy of NHEDs seems promising.An Israeli double-blind RCT in which 430 children ages 1 to 5 years ingested either 5 mg/mL or 7.5 mg/mL of a mixture containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C or placebo twice daily for 12 weeks found the mixture to be effective in preventing AOM. (7) Compared with placebo, the mixture reduced the number of AOM episodes per child by 68% (P<0.001). AEs reported in nine children, including seven from the mixture group and two from the placebo group (P=0.54), were mild gastrointestinal and palatability symptoms.Used as a sweetener in chewing gums and other dietetic products, xylitol is a natural sugar found in strawberries, raspberries, rowanberries, and plums. In addition to inhibiting the growth of S mutans, which is responsible for dental cavities, it also prevents S pneumoniae from growing or attaching to nasopharyngeal cells. (8)Four double-blind RCTs (9)(10)(11)(12) have examined the effectiveness of xylitol in preventing AOM in children attending child care centers in Finland (Table 2). In two RCTs, xylitol reduced the risk of developing AOM by 41% and 40%. (9)(10) In these studies, healthy children ingested 8.4 to 10 g of xylitol divided into five doses daily for 2 or 3 months. Two children who took xylitol dropped out due to diarrhea in the earlier trial; in the later trial, 16 children who took xylitol dropped out due to abdominal discomfort compared with five who took placebo.A third RCT using the same dosing schedule, but in which xylitol (as a mixture, chewing gum, or lozenge) was administered to children who had acute respiratory infection, found xylitol to be ineffective in preventing AOM. Seven children who took xylitol dropped out versus two who took the control. Furthermore, 11 children dropped out due to disliking the intervention product (10 from the xylitol lozenge group and one from the xylitol chewing gum group).Taking xylitol five times per day to prevent AOM may be impractical for children and parents. The fourth trial of 663 children ages 7 months to 7 years assessed whether administering xylitol (chewing gum or a oral mixture) less frequently (three times daily) would reduce the occurrence of AOM. (12) Xylitol (9.6 g/d divided into three doses) was found to have no preventive effect. Thirty-eight children (11%) dropped out in the control group and 58 (17%) in the xylitol group (P=0.028). The common reason for dropping out was refusal to take the preparation.Xylitol has few reported AEs. In large doses, it may cause abdominal pain and loose stools. (9) A study examining various doses in 13 children (ages 7 to 16 y) found flatulence increased at a 45-g/d dose, but no diarrhea occurred at doses less than 65 g/d. (13) A tolerability study of 120 children (ages 6 to 36 mo) found oral xylitol solution doses of 5 g taken three times a day and 7.5 g taken once daily to be well tolerated. (14) The effectiveness of this dosing schedule has yet to be evaluated through an RCT. The occurrence of AEs was not significantly different between groups and included excessive gas and diarrhea. Although the results for xylitol effectiveness are mixed, its use is safe except in huge doses. Moreover, xylitol (taken in a mixture or chewing gum) may provide dual protection for children by helping to prevent AOM as well as dental caries. (8)(9)Probiotics are believed to reduce upper respiratory tract colonization with pathogenic bacteria by stimulating antibody production and enhancing the phagocytic activity of blood leukocytes. (15) Findings from three double-blind RCTs are presented.Hatakka and colleagues (16) assessed the long-term effectiveness of oral probiotics for AOM prevention in 571 children (ages 1 to 6 y) from 18 Finnish child care centers. Children drank milk formula either with (n=282) or without (n=289) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) three times daily, 5 days a week for 7 months. On average, children from both groups drank 260 mL/d of milk. Over the study period, children who drank milk with LGG were absent from child care for fewer days (4.9 versus 5.8 days, P=0.03). They also had fewer antibiotic treatments and fewer episodes of AOM. This result was not statistically significant when adjusted for age.In a later study, Hatakka and associates (17) assessed the effectiveness of a probiotic combination (LGG and L rhamnosis strain C705, Bifidobacterium breve 99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii JS) for reducing the occurrence and duration of AOM in 306 AOM-prone children (ages 10 mo to 6 y). Children consumed either one probiotic capsule (n=155) or placebo (n=154) daily for 24 weeks. Probiotic treatment did not reduce the occurrence or recurrence of AOM episodes, nor did it affect the carriage of S pneumoniae or H influenzae. However, the intervention did increase the prevalence of M catarrhalis (odds ratio=1.79, 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 3.00, P=0.028). Each group had 20 dropouts due to sickness, noncompliance, personal reasons, and “not known.” One AE was reported in the probiotics group (no additional description given).A 3-month Swedish study investigated the efficacy of using a probiotic nasal spray of streptococci (S sanguis, S mitis, and S oralis in equal portions) for preventing the recurrence of AOM in 108 children (ages 6 mo to 6 y). (15) Children who had an AOM recurrence within the previous month (n=82) received 20 mg/kg of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid twice daily for 10 days followed by 10 days of a nasal “probiotic” spray, then 60 days of no use, and another 10 days of the nasal spray. During this time, children who had no AOM recurrences within 1 month (n=22) received 25 mg/kg of phenoxymethylpenicillin and placebo nasal spray. More children (42%) given probiotic streptococcal nasal spray had no AOM recurrences and normal tympanic membranes than children given placebo (22%, P=0.02). Of 45 AEs reported, 22 were in the streptococcal group and 25 were in the placebo group. Details of the AEs were not provided.Probiotics have a favorable safety profile in healthy individuals. In immunocompromised adults, there have been reports of pneumonia, bacteremia/septicemia, and meningitis. LGG has been associated with bacteremia in two immunocompromised pediatric patients. (18) Although favorable findings of the effectiveness of probiotics exist, additional investigations are needed before conclusive recommendations for their use to prevent AOM can be made.Cod liver oil is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A and D. Linday and colleagues (19) found that children who have recurrent AOM have lower red blood cell concentrations of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), vitamin A, and selenium than those who do not have recurring AOM. These micronutrients are believed to have important effects on immune function. The authors conducted a small open-label pilot study in which eight children (0.8 to 4.4 y) took 1 tsp of lemon-flavored cod liver oil (containing EPA and vitamin A) plus half a tablet of multivitamin supplement containing selenium for up to 7 months. During this period, children received antibiotics for OM for 12% fewer days than before taking part in the study (P<0.05). One child who could not tolerate the taste of cod liver oil discontinued participation. Concerns regarding the possible AEs of long-term consumption of cod liver oil are related to the dangers of polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxin residues found in fish oil that have been implicated in a range of health conditions. Although this small open-label study suggests that cod liver oil may be beneficial, definitive recommendations are premature.Anecdotal evidence suggests that homeopathy may be beneficial for children who have AOM. Five studies (three RCTs and two observational) have evaluated the efficacy of homeopathy for treating AOM in children (Table 3). Findings suggest that homeopathy results in a rapid reduction in symptoms, a shorter duration of pain, and a reduction of both AOM recurrences and antibiotic use. One study also assessed the cost effectiveness of homeopathy compared with that of conventional treatment and found homeopathy to be 14% cheaper. (23) A few AEs were observed in some of the studies, but these occurred in the control groups. One Swiss study noted three cases of severe AEs in 7 years of homeopathic care practice: one central perforation of a tympanic membrane, one cholesteatoma, and one case of mastoiditis. (23)Due to their dilute nature, homeopathic remedies generally are regarded as carrying little risk of harm. Aggravation of symptoms, in which patients’ current symptoms worsened for a few hours after taking homeopathic medicine, have been reported in 10% to 20% of patients. (25) Although findings for homeopathy are promising, more rigorously designed studies (large, blinded, randomized, and controlled) are needed to substantiate the results. It also would be useful to compare patients treated homeopathically with those treated with other treatments (eg, herbal ear drops, topical anesthetics, systemic antibiotics) in terms of their symptoms, AEs, costs, and parental satisfaction and interest in using such treatments in the future.Three cohort studies (ie, no control group) in the United States have examined the efficacy of chiropractic care to treat AOM in children and have reported positive findings. The first was a case series of 332 children (ages 27 d to 5 y) who had a previous diagnosis of OM (acute and chronic). (26) Children who had AOM (n=127) and received an average of 4±1.03 adjustments attained normal otoscopic and tympanographic examination findings after 6.67 (±1.9) and 8.35 (±2.88) days, respectively. The overall AOM recurrence rate over a 6-month period was 11.02%. The second study, a retrospective cohort design, assessed the impact of care from one chiropractor on 46 children (ages <5 y) who had a total of 95 AOM episodes. (27) Overall, 93% of AOM episodes improved, with 75% of the improvements occurring within 10 days. A 2004 cohort study of 21 children (9 mo to 9 y) who had severe red, bulging tympanic membranes in the middle ear and moderate fever (average 100°F [37.8°C]) found that after three to six “toftness” (low force) chiropractic adjustments over a 14-day period, tympanic membranes returned to normal in 95% of children. (28) The temperature also was reported to decrease to an average of 98.6°F (37.0°C).Given the combined high rate of spontaneous AOM resolution and methodologic limitations of the studies presented (convenience sample, nonstandardized outcome measures, nonblinded ratings of improvement, and lack of control groups), the effectiveness of chiropractic care for AOM is not well defined. Furthermore, the safety of pediatric spinal manipulation is not yet known. Although rare, serious AEs, including paraplegia and death, have been reported. (29) Due to anatomic immaturity, young children are particularly vulnerable to injury from rapid rotational movement or excessive force.Two studies (one cohort, one RCT) have assessed the efficacy of osteopathic manipulation techniques (OMTs) in treating AOM. One RCT evaluated its impact in children (6 mo to 4 y) on frequency of AOM episodes, subsequent ear surgery, hearing loss, behavior, antibiotic use, and parent opinion. (30) Children received either “gentle” OMT (n=32) or standard pediatric care (ie, antibiotics) (n=25). Treatment was administered at nine study visits: 3 weekly, 3 biweekly, and 3 monthly, with treatment duration between 15 and 25 minutes. Patients receiving OMT had fewer episodes of AOM, with a mean difference between groups of −0.14 (P=0.04) per month. Only one ear surgery was required in patients receiving OMT compared with eight in those receiving standard of care (P=0.03). No significant differences between the groups were noted in antibiotic use, hearing test results, parent-rated behavior, or parental satisfaction with treatment. The study had a high dropout rate (25%), with two primary reasons cited: loss of continuity of physician care and inconvenience of a 6-month study.Positive findings also were reported in a 2006 pilot cohort study of eight children (ages 7 to 25 mo) who had recurrent AOM. (31) The study consisted of a 1-year follow-up period of children who received weekly OMTs concurrently with routine medical care (ie, antibiotics) for 3 weeks. Although OMT was found to be beneficial in preventing the occurrence of AOM in five of eight children, the lack of a control group made it impossible to determine if OMT was responsible.Results from small studies that have limited statistical power suggest that osteopathy might be a promising adjuvant therapy in the prevention of recurrent AOM, but larger clinical trials evaluating the safety and cost-benefit of osteopathy are essential before conclusions about its efficacy can be made.Numerous studies have evaluated the effectiveness or safety of natural health products, homeopathy, chiropractic, and osteopathic care to treat pediatric AOM, but methodologic shortcomings preclude definitive conclusions. This review suggests that xylitol, probiotics, herbal ear drops, and homeopathic interventions may be beneficial in reducing pain duration as well as decreasing the use of antibiotics and subsequent bacterial resistance. Cost-effectiveness and parent/child preferences need to be evaluated in large, well-designed research studies before general recommendations can be made regarding use of these CAM therapies for children who have AOM.References for this article are published in the online edition of this month's Pediatrics in Review.

Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.