An experimental study of volcanic tremor driven by magma wagging
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
SUMMARY Protracted episodes of 0.5–7 Hz pre-eruptive volcanic tremor (PVT) are common at active stratovolcanoes. Reliable links to processes related to magma movement consequently enable a potential to use properties of PVT as diagnostic eruptive precursors. A challenging feature of PVT is that generic spectral and amplitude properties of the signal evolve similarly, independent of widely varying volcano structures and conduit geometries on which most physical models rely. The ‘magma wagging’ model introduced in Jellinek & Bercovici (2011) and extended by Bercovici et al. (2013), Liao et al. and Liao & Bercovici (2018) makes progress because it depends on magma dynamics that are only weakly sensitive to volcano architecture: The flow of gas through a permeable foamy annulus of gas bubbles excites, modulates and maintains a wagging oscillation of a central magma column rising in an erupting conduit. ‘Magma wagging’ and resulting PVT are driven through an energy transfer from a ‘Bernoulli mode’ related to azimuthal variations in annular gas flow speeds. Consistent with observations, spectral and amplitude properties of PVT are predicted to evolve before an eruption as the width of the annulus decreases with increased gas fluxes. To confirm this critical Bernoulli-to-wagging energy transfer we use extensive experiments and restricted numerical simulations on wagging oscillations excited on analogue viscoelastic columns by annular air flows. We also explore sensitivities of the spatial and temporal characters of wagging to asymmetric annular air flows that are intractable in the existing magma wagging model and expected to occur in nature with spatial variations in annulus permeability. From high-resolution time-series of linear and orbital displacements of analogue column tops and time-series of axial deflections and accelerations of the column centre line, we characterize the excitation, evolution, and steady-state oscillations in unprecedented detail over a broad range of conditions. We show that the Bernoulli mode corresponds to the timescale for the buildup of axial elastic bending stresses in response to pressure variations related to air flows over the heights of columns. We identify three distinct wagging modes: (i) rotational (cf. Liao et al. 2018); (ii) mixed-mode and (iii) chaotic. Rotational modes are favoured for symmetric, high intensity forcing and a maximal delivery of mechanical energy to the fundamental magma wagging mode. Mixed-mode oscillations regimes are favoured for a symmetric, intermediate intensity forcing. Chaotic modes, involving the least efficient delivery of energy to the fundamental mode, occur for asymmetric forcing and where the intensity of imposed airflow is low. Numerical simulations also show that where forcing frequencies are comparable to a natural mode of free oscillation, power delivered by peripheral air flows is concentrated at the lowest frequency fundamental mode generally and spread among higher frequency natural modes where air pressure and column elastic forces are comparable. Our combined experimental and numerical results make qualitative predictions for the evolution of the character of volcanic tremor and its expression in seismic or infrasound arrays during natural events that is testable in field-based studies of PVT and syn-eruptive volcanic tremor.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».