International Cooperation in Space Activities: Legal Imperative and the Chinese Perspective
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This study inquires into the legal status of the principle of international cooperation in space activities and the Chinese perspective in this regard. Furthermore, the study presents theoretical and practical models for cooperation, utilizing economic theory and the practice of China, with a comparative case study of Israel. The importance of the research lies in the importance associated to international cooperation, being heralded in every conference on space issues, the unclear legal status of the principle and the intrinsic complexities and barriers for its implementation. The study found that the principle is a recurrent theme in almost every space law instrument, including all five space related treaties, all the annual UN General Assembly resolutions on space activities, and a dedicated 1996 Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space. Analyzing the various instruments and their aggregate effect, against the backdrop of the principle in general international law, the study concludes that the precept of ‘international cooperation’ is a structural principle of space law, a legal imperative and the prime constitutional norm of the field in light of which all space policies should be constructed. However, there are inherent difficulties and complexities hampering the achievement of cooperation in a decentralized international society and some space-specific hurdles, mainly export controls. Applying Ostrom’s Nobel-winning study (2009, Economic Sciences) suggests a polycentric model for promoting the basic norm of international cooperation neither by a strong, central, global institution, nor by rules imposed from above, but rather by facilitating and encouraging clusters of cooperation which will together encompass the vast majority of countries. China has long been advocating for international cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. International cooperation is in the core also of its civil space policy. It has joined most of the multilateral organizations and forums, hosts and leads the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization, and is increasingly engaging with bilateral cooperation, primarily agency-to-agency. Overall, China's array of cooperation schemes encompasses scientific and educational projects, the building and launch of satellites, satellite navigation systems and even the use of remote sensing for the preservation of natural and cultural heritage and the envisioned cooperation in the Chinese space station. Israel, being by far the smallest space-faring nation, best exemplifies the benefits from cooperation and the extent to which it can leverage domestic resources and capabilities. Its diverse models of cooperation may be of interest and use to other countries.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».