Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Sally Monroe had tried repeatedly, but after three boys she despaired at ever achieving her dream of having a girl. She stayed in bed and cried for weeks. She changed assignments in the hospital where she worked as a nurse so that she would not have to be around newborns. Perhaps her focus on a girl was due to her having grown up in a family of four girls and the fond memories she had of playing with her sisters. As a Canadian she could not receive gender selection fertility services so she had to seek them in the US. Her first effort at sperm sorting in a Michigan clinic failed and a boy resulted. She had known a boy had been conceived because of an ultrasound test result. She could have resorted to abortion at that point, which desperate parents sometimes did if the gender was not the one desired. But she opted to have the baby boy. Then she heard of various clinics in the US that practically guaranteed the ability to select the desired gender if she and her husband could produce a girl embryo. A patient produced embryos and through preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) the desired gender was selected. Sally struggled with the dilemma and spoke to her husband (Sidhu, 2012). Could they afford the $15,000 fee and all the travel related expenses? They had already tried PGD once in California and none of the resulting embryos were girls. Should they try again? The total cost would climb to around $40,000 with the new attempt. Furthermore, since the practice was viewed as illegal in Canada, where she lived, should she go through with it? Was it ethical for her to avoid the law by getting it done in the US? Ethical Approaches Sex selection technologies and practice offered excellent opportunities for society to contemplate the importance of developing ethical frameworks to aid in the evaluation of what may be right or wrong, particularly in areas where science introduces new choices in how to live the best sort of life. In the course of developing appreciation of how ethical theories contributed to understanding, through application to specific problems, people should also have recognized critical interrelationships among scientific advances, ethical outlooks, and the evolution of law. Science was advancing rapidly, and national and international interest in PGD indicated that the medical profession and the public were becoming increasingly engaged and outspoken about many concerns, including social justice. Professional societies in the health professions could have exerted influence through their ethical positions. The law, public policies and public opinion also shaped public debate on issues such as gender selection. Several philosophical perspectives could have been considered by people looking at gender selection: * From the utilitarian perspective of maximizing happiness while minimizing harm one might conclude that the satisfaction of parents through family balancing could justify gender selection. * In terms of consequentialism, where the achievement of successful outcomes was considered, one would have had to consider the impact gender imbalance could have had on society. * Value based approaches emphasized that virtue and doing what was right were the primary concerns. Permitting gender selection through PGD was based on the logic that regulatory prohibition of gender selection based on either political or ethical considerations would have impacted freedom of choice; curtailed technological development; prevented shaping of opinions from experience of choice; and the result of political will or organizational leadership may not have been representative of society. However, many governments found that gender selection was ethically wrong and therefore illegal. A side effect of banning gender selection through PGD was that desperate parents would achieve gender selection through abortion. Abortion and Gender Selection The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists clearly stated its opposition to sex selection (ACOG, February 2007) through abortion. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».