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Leveling the Playing Field: A Business Perspective on Taxing E-Commerce

2000· article· en· W338526548 sur OpenAlexaboutno aff
Val John Christensen

Notice bibliographique

RevueeYLS (Yale Law School) · 2000
Typearticle
Langueen
DomaineArts and Humanities
ThématiqueAmerican Sports and Literature
Établissements canadiensnon disponible
Organismes subventionnairesnon disponible
Mots-clésLawLeagueNothingHistoryMedia studiesSociologyPolitical sciencePhilosophyPhysics
DOInon disponible

Résumé

récupéré en direct d'OpenAlex

I. INTRODUCTION This Symposium reminds me of a comical baseball story. You may not believe this is true, but it really happened about ten years ago. It involved a rookie umpire in his first professional baseball game. It was in the minor leagues, think Double A, and he was assigned as the second base umpire. In either the second or third inning with a man on second and one out, the batter hit a towering fly ball down the third base line. The runner assumed it was over the fence, going to hit the wall, or, at least, land in fair territory deep in the corner of left field and took off to score. He was almost to third base going fill speed when the left fielder made an incredible circus catch at the wall right on the foul line. The runner turned on a dime and headed back to second base to avoid a double play. The left fielder fired a perfect strike, and the runner and the ball arrived at second base at exactly the same time in a big cloud of dust. The umpire stood silently and made no gesture. Finally, the runner looked up at him with his hand still on the base and said, Well, what is it? The umpire said, I don't know, can't tell. The second baseman demanded, What are you going to do? By now the home plate umpire, who was really in charge, appeared on the scene and said, Yeah, what are you going to do? The rookie umpire responded sheepishly, Well, guess we're going to do it over. The second base umpire took the base runner back to third base, looked for his footprints, and had him stand right where he had been when the catch was made. He took the left fielder back to the wall, gave him the ball, and put him in exactly the spot where he made the catch. He then went back and took his position behind second base and yelled, Now, when say go, you throw the ball, and you start running. He gave a hand signal and a loud Go! The base runner took off, and the throw was made. There was another cloud of dust, another flurry of activity, and the umpire screamed as loud as he could, You're out! an inning-ending double play. Why does this Symposium remind me of that story? Because, as a company, we hate tax law do-overs. We like uniformity, freedom from ambiguity, and certainty. Too frequently, governing authorities decide that they did not quite get things right and that it is time to do it over, try it again, make a new call. believe one of the reasons Congress created the Advisory Commission on Electronic Commerce was to avoid a disruptive do-over situation, hopefully giving clear signals to companies and taxpayers involved in Internet commerce. II. INTERNET COMMERCE VIEWPOINTS A. Background 1. Franklin Covey Before discussing the various viewpoints relating to e-commerce taxation, it would be helpful to understand the business background that shapes my own view. Electronic commerce is a substantial part of the future of our company. We currently operate a hundred and thirty retail stores in almost all of the states. We have a healthy catalog mail order business, and we send out about ten million catalogs to our user database each year. We have a seminar training division. We conduct public and corporate seminars in all fifty states and twenty additional countries. We have headquarters in many of the countries in which we operate. We have licensees throughout the world. We train about forty thousand people per month in our public seminars in all of the major U.S. cities. We deliver fifteen million Franklin planners to students in school districts all over the United States and Canada. As we speak, we have developers working to prepare our training curricula to be delivered over the Internet as real time interactive training opportunities. As tax experts, you can draw two conclusions from all of these facts. First, the Internet is important to us, with e-commerce taxation becoming more important to us every day. Second, with our broad, national sales efforts, the states take the position that we have nexus everywhere. …

Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.

Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier

Prédiction distillée sur la base complète

Imitation des enseignants

Ni prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.

score de la tête « metaresearch » (Codex)0,000
score de la tête « metaresearch » (Gemma)0,000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aStatut de validation: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Catégories candidatesCharge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger)
Catégories consensuellesaucune
DomaineSignal candidat: aucune · Signal consensuel: aucune
Devis d'étudeSignal candidat: Sans objet · Signal consensuel: aucune
GenreSignal candidat: Empirique · Signal consensuel: aucune
Score de désaccord entre enseignants0,954
Score d'incertitude au seuil0,961

Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie

CatégorieCodexGemma
Métarecherche0,0000,000
Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict)0,0000,000
Méta-épidémiologie (sens large)0,0000,000
Bibliométrie0,0000,000
Études des sciences et des technologies0,0010,000
Communication savante0,0000,000
Science ouverte0,0000,000
Intégrité de la recherche0,0000,000
Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger)0,0400,000

Scores machine (provisoires)

Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.

Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.

Tête enseignante Opus0,017
Tête enseignante GPT0,239
Écart entre enseignants0,221 · la distance entre les deux têtes enseignantes sur ce seul travail
Statut de validationscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle

Classification

machine, non validée

Prédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.

Devis d'étudeSans objet
Domainenon disponible
GenreEmpirique

Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».

En bref

Citations2
Publié2000
Routes d'admission1
Résumé présentoui

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