The Shipping Act of 1916 and Emergency Fleet Corporation: America Builds, Requisitions, and Seizes a Merchant Fleet Second to None
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord Expeditionary Force (AEF) to Europe, sustaining the Allied economies, and essential to the success of the Entente powers.The United States proved ill-prepared to assume this vital maritime role.Aside from the inadequacy of both army and navy maritime transport branches, one of the major reasons for this situation had to do with a clash in personalities between the head of the newly formed US Shipping Board (USSB), William Denman, and the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC)-the entity created to construct the wartime fleet of cargo ships-under the man who had overseen the Panama Canal's construction, General George Goethals.They continually bickered over each other's authority, leading to administrative gridlock, until both resigned on 24 July 1917.In their places, Wilson appointed Edward Hurley to head the USSB and eventually Charles Piez to the EFC.The program that each inherited was in chaos, but they managed to overcome the greatest problems and thus allowed General John J. Pershing to get his troops into action by early 1918, thereby averting possible Allied defeat in France. 1 Following the initial German unrestricted submarine offensive, and the deaths of 128 Americans on board the British passenger liner Lusitania (7 May 1915), the Wilson administration initiated legislation to create the US Shipping Board -the first government agency assigned the task of regulating and promoting the commercial merchant marine.The president hoped that a renewed American fleet would supplant Britain's in the Western Hemisphere and thereby promote his idealism through "an arm of commerce." 2 The Shipping Act gave the government the power to build and operate ships during the existing emergency, and up to five years after its conclusion.For the first time in its history, therefore, the American government aimed to challenge the supremacy of the world's largest naval power and engaged directly in the construction and operation of merchant vessels along with a navy second to none, a substantial change in the United States' maritime policy and with long-lasting implications.3 Germany's first unrestricted submarine campaign, highlighted the danger to America's status as a neutral and the vulnerability of the nation's trade.Wilson altered his strategy for a national merchant marine by highlighting its importance as a naval auxiliary force.By creating a large commercial fleet, Wilson could direct ships into trade routes vacated by the British, a fact not adopted by American commercial shippers since the domestic market for ships remained so active.These measures, in conjunction with the National Defense and Naval Acts of 1916, represented a distinct effort by Wilson to protect the nation's neutrality, and also to 1
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,010 | 0,007 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,008 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».