What is Next for SAGD?: Evaluation of Low GHG and High-Efficiency Tertiary Recovery Options
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Steam injection has been widely applied in different forms to recover heavy-oil and bitumen for decades. Even though this method is a proven and effective technology, the steam generation process itself may lead to environmental issues and low economic viability. Also, many worldwide steam projects, including SAGD projects in Canada, have already reached their maturity with a severe decline in production despite continuous steam injection. Escalating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is another crucial downside of steam injection application, contributing to an emission growth rate of about 1.1% worldwide and 0.8% annually in Canada. This requires us to search for different techniques to deplete the remaining (conditioned) oil efficiently and in an eco-friendly manner. This paper focuses on the testing of a new technique to minimize GHG emissions resulting from steam generation while enhancing the ultimate recovery post-SAGD. ~50,000 cP heavy crude and processed oil (for visual models) samples were used as an oleic phase in this experimental research. Condensable gases as single and multiple (mixed with methane) components were included as potential solvents to be applied to the already steamed models. Visual Hele-Shaw and glass-bead-pack models were employed to investigate the displacement mechanism, displacement efficiency, and phase distribution in porous media. All experiments were performed at currently existing temperatures in matured SAGD reservoirs to further evaluate the sensitivity of phase behavior of condensable solvents in a heavy-oil/steam system, as well as existing condensed water of which is not compatible with hydrocarbon solvents. We observed that condensable solvents could improve the displacement efficiency/incremental heavy-oil recovery over 30% by mobilizing residual oil and providing favorable conformance to the steam chamber. More importantly, the steam usage was able to be entirely cut off, and the energy efficiency could be ramped up to almost 100%. Additionally, the type (and composition) for applying condensable solvents were determined at a given post-SAGD temperature. Also, the retrieval potential of the condensable solvent with oil was investigated for an efficient process. Condensable gases with different compositions were introduced as potential solvents to recuperate heavy-oil and bitumen recovery and reduce or even completely cut off the steam injection at late-stage SAGD, diminishing its GHG emission and improving energy efficiency. Valuable findings present beneficial recommendations for low-emission and high-efficiency late-stage heavy-oil recovery as post-SAGD applications, as well as other types of steam injection processes.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».