Identification of the Hydrological System of Kettle Holes of Northeastern Brandenburg, Germany based on their Geochemical Characteristics
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Small postglacial depressions, such as kettle holes in northeastern Germany, are distributed across glacially embossed areas of the world. Water bodies forming in these depressions are distinct hydrological systems. Depending on the exchange fluxes with adjoining groundwater system, kettle holes are classified as recharge, flow-through-, and discharge-dominant systems. This classification is a result of their topographical position over an undulating landscape. The upland and lowland kettle holes across the undulating landscape are expected to represent recharge- and discharge-dominant systems, respectively. Hence, those located between these two are expected to be flow-through kettle holes. Nonetheless, due to the complexity of the geological setting of undulating postglacial landscapes, this topography-based classification may be wrong. Furthermore, the hydrological system of kettle holes varies in both time and space. Dynamic boundary conditions of kettle holes, resulting from extreme weather conditions such as severe or prolonged droughts and heavy storm events, may cause a discharge-dominant kettle hole to temporarily shift to a recharge-dominant or a flow-through system. Many kettle holes of northeastern Brandenburg, Germany are scattered throughout croplands. As a result, fertilizers are transported via the surface runoff and/or groundwater to the kettle holes. Thus, distribution and redistribution of water and solute from each of the kettle hole types and their adjoining groundwater domain and vice versa would likely be different. As these three types of kettle holes have different roles in the context of the hydrological cycle, differentiation of them based on the aforementioned classification would be of paramount importance for their proper characterization and role within a landscape hydrological system. A better characterization will also help to reduce the uncertainty in tracing water and solutes in these hydrogeologically complex systems. An extensive monitoring network of piezometers, installed within kettle holes and around them, is probably the most accurate method to characterize their hydrological system. However, its implementation is expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming. Therefore, it cannot be used for the determination of a landscape scale hydrological system containing a great number of kettle holes. The evaporation-to-inflow ratio (E/I) — derived from the stable isotopes of water (H and O) — has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative. We will present a new approach to determine the hydrological system of kettle holes based on geochemistry. To that end, eight chemical species (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Br, Cl, NO3, and SO4), and four in-situ parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and redox potential) were monitored for 36 kettle holes over a 17 months period. Based on this dataset, the geochemical characteristics of the kettle holes will be identified using an advanced multivariate statistical algorithm, i.e. Gaussian finite mixture modelling (GFMM) and these will be compared to the hydrological classification of the kettle holes based on the E/I ratios. Keywords: Kettle Holes, Geochemical Characteristics, Groundwater System, Stable Water Isotopes, Germany
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».