Guest editorial The benefits of inclusion: disability and work in the 21st century

The benefits of inclusion: disability and work in the 21st century Changing perspectives on disability and workThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was adopted in 2006 with 82 nation signatories (United Nations, 2019).The purpose of the convention was to elaborate upon and codify the rights of persons with disabilities while setting a path for implementation of legislation, policies, programs and practices that ensure those rights are activated and maintained (United Nations, 2006).To date, over 160 nations have signed the convention (United Nations, 2019), indicating global interest in implementing legislation, regulations, policies and programs on the rights of persons with disabilities.Increased international attention on the rights of persons with disabilities is associated with a shift away from the medical model of disability, which characterizes disability as a deficit of the individual (e.g.Areheart, 2008).Historically, this model has been the focus of disability benefits programs (e.g.Withers, 2016).More inclusive approaches to disability are now being recognized, such as the social model of disability, which identifies disability as a societal rather than individual phenomenon (Oliver, 1983(Oliver, , 2013)), and the human rights model of disability, which draws from the social model to highlight the centrality of upholding the rights and dignity of all persons in society (Office of Disability Issues, 2003).The social model of disability was first developed in Britain during the 1970s and 1980s.However, the social understanding of disability has been advanced by activists and disability studies scholars in several countries.This understanding proposes that disability is a form of oppression caused by social barriers that exclude persons with impairments from participation in society.Attention is drawn to the role of environment and society in creating barriers.This approach very much underpins the human rights approach to disability.Over the period that followed, the World Health Organization (WHO) and others integrated the social understanding and medical understanding into a biopsychosocial framework, known as the disablement process, which is described in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (WHO, 2001) and in earlier work by the WHO (1980).In this framework, a health condition or impairment is a necessary but not sufficient condition for disablement.The social and built environments are seen as key factors that can be enabling or disabling.Earlier work by Nagi (1965Nagi ( , 1991) ) also took this approach.With this approach, disability is conceptualized as arising out of the complex interaction between a health condition or impairment, barriers in the physical and social environment, and personal factors (Kazou, 2017).The human rights model of disability looks to societal norms, practices and structures to understand the barriers that persons with disabilities experience.This approach focuses on the social, attitudinal and physical barriers that restrict the life choices and participation of persons with disabilities.Quinn et al. (2002) explains that the human rights paradigm for persons with disabilities is inspired by the values of dignity, autonomy, self-determination and equality.Moreover, the human rights paradigm considers that "each individual is deemed to be of inestimable value, and nobody is insignificant.People are to be valued not just because they are economically or otherwise useful but because of their inherent self-worth" (Quinn and Degener, 2002, p. 14).This means that persons with disabilities have a stake in, and claim on, society regardless of considerations of economic or social utility.

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