Solvent Versus Surfactant Co-Injection with Steam to Improve Efficiency of Steam Assisted Bitumen and Heavy Oil Recovery Processes
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract In Alberta, Canada bitumen is produced by SAGD and CSS methods at about 1.5×106 barrels per day capacity. Efficiency of these operations is measured by steam-to-bitumen mass ration, which is reported in the range of 2.6 to 5. Oil industry has invested on solvent such as light hydrocarbons co-injection with steam to reduce SBR, speculating that solvent would reduce bitumen viscosity and increase Darcy mobility of bitumen in the reservoir, which has resulted limited commercial success. In majority of these studies, effect of solvent co-injected with steam on bitumen-water interfacial tension, therefore on Darcy permeability was ignored. Our laboratory has been studying to increase Darcy permeability of bitumen by reducing bitumen-water interfacial tension. For this purpose two methods were investigated: (i) surfactant species were produced by in-situ sulfonation-sulfoxidation of bitumen asphaltenes by co-injecting a trace amount of gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2) with steam; and (ii) co-injection of biodiesel (BD) as a surfactant additive, with steam at under 2 g-BD/kg-bitumen dosages, which corresponds to under 0.32 kg-BD/bbl-bitumen, or under 0.67 kg-BD/ton-steam if SBR is 3:1. Bitumen recovery tests were also made to compare performances of solvent versus surfactant co-injection with steam methods by operating the test apparatus in bath mode, which most likely stimulate the steam zone of the steam zone of the SAGD and CSS reservoirs. These tests showed that solvent co-injection potentially reduces bitumen recovery efficiency compared to steam-only methods. We wonder that the solvent co-injected with steam increases bitumen-water interfacial tension, increases slip velocity at bitumen-water interface and reduces Darcy permeability of bitumen. Experimental observations supported with fluid dynamics analysis of two immiscible fluids with slip boundary condition at the interface of two fluids were encouraging to expand our research in BD-water emulsions flooding for cold heavy oil recovery, CHOPS and Post CHOPS, and BD-solvent-water emulsions flooding for extra viscous heavy oil, and bitumen production from high permeability reservoirs, which would eliminate demand for steam. Experimental data on bitumen viscosity, bitumen-water interfacial tension and potential effects of solvent and surfactant co-injection with steam on commercial steam assisted bitumen and heavy oil recovery operations will be discussed.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».