Spatial-seasonal Variation in Microplastic Distribution at the Han River Estuary to the Coastal Area of Incheon, Korea
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
As microplastics, which are synthetic polymers of less than 5 mm [1], have been emerged as a global environmental issue, lots of research have been conducted on spatial distribution and ecological impact in the marine [2][3][4][5], freshwater [6][7][8], and terrestrial environments [9,10].Several studies are also being investigated in the transition zone between freshwater and marine environments [11].However, there are still insufficient data to analytically survey their distribution of microplastics in there.In 2020, therein, the spatial-seasonal distribution of the suspended microplastics in the range from 330 μm to 5 mm has been monitored in the Han River Estuary extending to neighbored coastal area, Korea.For this purpose, microplastic samples have been collected from a total of 11 sampling stations located along the downstream of the Han River, Ganghwa Island, the Coast of Incheon, and Deokjeok Island.In each location, sampling has been carried out using a Manta trawl net (mesh size of 330 μm) while continuing to tow horizontally for 10 min.The collected samples were sieved through a 2 mm standard sieve, after which bigger pieces more than that were rinsed with distilled water and dried, while smaller particles were pre-treated by wet oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) followed by density separation process with zinc bromide (ZnBr2) solution.Such separated unknown particles, possibly microplastics, were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (VERTEX 80V, Bruker, Germany; Spotlight 400 FT-IR Imaging System, Perkin Elmer, USA).As a result, the average annual abundance of microplastics was estimated to be (2.15 ± 0.54) particles/m 3 in downstream of the Han River, (2.11 ± 0.60) particles/m 3 in Ganghwa Island, (6.12 ± 0.96) particles/m 3 in the Coast of Incheon, and 1.71 particles/m 3 in Deokjeok Island, respectively.Among them, Ganghwa Island, was found to be the most abundance possibly inflowed from land-originated marine debris, fishing activities, and their own hydrogeological contribution.In the case of Deokjeok Island, which is relatively farthest from the land, the abundance of microplastics was at the lowest level observed among others.Nonetheless, it was found that PS has been rapidly increased in July and August at the topmost extent due to probably lose or erroneous abandon of various fishing gears made in PS because of seasonally occurred heavy rains and highly rising sea waves.In this regard, for nearer the land of watershed, the spatial distribution of microplastics revealed in the order of polyethylene (PE) > polypropylene (PP) > polystyrene (PS) > copolymers (including plastic additives) > polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polyester.In contrast, for the farthest as of Deokjeok Island, it showed that PS was composed of at the highest proportion of 58.5% among others.In the aspect of size distribution, type of microplastics showed at the different manner as PS was mainly ranged in 2~5 mm, while PE and PP were dominantly sized in 330 μm~2 mm.In conclusion, it was confirmed that microplastics could be detected more in coastal water close to land, and there is a clear difference depending on the inflow routes of microplastics and formation mechanism.This study would be applied to the effective management of microplastics for a sustainable environmental system.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».