Historical Examination of Gendered Perceptions of Crime and Moral Regulation in Canada
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Law has historically reflected the moral values of a society; however, this concept is complicated when one considers how socially established values were also largely gendered. This research project illustrates how social values of femininity and female sexuality shaped gendered perceptions of crime throughout Canada, particularly during the late interwar through postwar periods (1930’s-1950’s). Specifically, it examines how the Ontario Female Refuges Act and the Andrew Mercer Reformatory, as significant legal infrastructures, reflected and reinforced perceptions of “female crime.” Findings support the central analysis of the project; how the perception of “female crime” as synonymous with moral and sexual deviance threatened embedded social structures of the patriarchal family and traditional gender roles, inciting moral fear. An intersectional lens is employed to highlight how perception and regulation manifested uniquely upon Indigenous women in Canada. This examination was conducted through historiographical research, a study of prominent works concerning the history of female regulation in Canada, and an interrogation of primary documents, notably relevant legislation of the period. The objective of this research is to offer a historical analysis of female criminalization in Canada, which can be employed to trace and interrogate historical perceptions of “female crime” and the tangible impacts that follow, as they continue to lurk in the contemporary criminal justice system. Works Cited Chan, Wendy, and Mirchandani, Kiran. “Defining Sexual Promiscuity: ‘Race,’ Gender, and Class in the Operation of Ontario’s Female Refuges Act, 1930-1960.” In Crimes of Colour: Racialization and the Criminal Justice System in Canada, 45-67. Canada: Broadview Press, 2002. doi: https://books.scholarsportal.info/en/read?id=/ebooks/ebooks0/gibson_crkn/2009-12-01/4/408045#page=68 Female Refuges Act, RSO 1950, c 134. Fyson, Donald. “Criminal Justice History in Canada: Some Thoughts on Future Developments.” Crime, History & Societies 21, no. 2 (2017): 173-182. doi: https://journals.openedition.org/chs/1862. Hannah-Moffat, Kelly. “Mother Knows Best: The Development of Separate Institutions for Women.” In Punishment in Disguise: Penal Governance and Federal Imprisonment of Women in Canada, 45-66. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 2001. doi: https://books-scholarsportal-info.proxy.queensu.ca/en/read?id=/ebooks/ebooks0/gibson_crkn/2009-12-01/6/418119#page=110. Hannah-Moffat, Kelly. “The Andrew Mercer Reformatory and the Reformatory Ideal.” In Punishment In Disguise: Penal Governance and Federal Imprisonment of Women in Canada, 45-66. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 2001. doi: https://books-scholarsportal-info.proxy.queensu.ca/en/read?id=/ebooks/ebooks0/gibson_crkn/2009-12-01/6/418119#page=110. Sangster, Joan. “Incarcerating ‘Bad Girls:’ The Regulation of Sexuality Through the Female Refuges Act in Ontario, 1920-1945.” Journal of Health and Sexuality, no. 2 (1996): 239-275. doi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704141?casa_token=-xEzWiJkYp8AAAAA%3ATiUfxERZnUqTSaYKvcRa_QIqydxCD1JIT2mtWgkujc3tNJBTwNNgXnkDUwozpEszlBOmWZiQwFyaQ1W5nO0-UibXuOt8K0lD3oxGZXDPQZ5-fzf6-w&seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents Sangster, Joan. “Reforming Women's Reformatories: Elizabeth Fry, Penal Reform, and the State, 1950-1970.” The Canadian Historical Review, no. 2 (2004): 227-253. doi: https://web-p-ebscohost-com.proxy.queensu.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=f4b61941-6741-489b-bf78-fcf5ffd90d79%40redis. Sangster, Joan. Regulating Girls and Women: Sexuality, Family, and the Law in Ontario, 1920-1960. Oxford, Toronto: Oxford University Press and Toronto University Press, 2001. doi: https://books.scholarsportal.info/uri/ebooks/ebooks3/utpress/2015-01-14/1/9781442623507. Strange, Carolyn, and Loo, Tina. Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada 1867-1939. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. doi: https://books.scholarsportal.info/uri/ebooks/ebooks0/gibson_crkn/2009-12-01/6/417714. Strange, Carolyn. “‘The Criminal and Fallen of their Sex:’ The Establishment of Canada’s First Women’s Prison, 1874-1901.” Canadian Journal of Women and Law, no. 1 (1985): 79-92. https://heinonline-org.proxy.queensu.ca/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cajwol1&collection=peggy&id=99&startid=&endid=112. Zedner, Lucia. “Women, Crime, and Penal Responses: A Historical Account.” Crime and Justice, vol. 14 (1991): 307-362. doi: https://www-jstor-org.proxy.queensu.ca/stable/pdf/1147464.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A172af8fec067b299a652de7b0d800ee6.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,007 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,032 | 0,013 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».