Epitrix (flea beetle) species, life cycles and detection methods (Epitrix II)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Epitrix Foudras 1860, is a genus of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) with nearly 180 species worldwide. Most species occur in South and Central America (neotropics), and only 12 and 10 species are known from North America and Europe, respectively. A few species of Epitrix are reported to feed on potato plants, the adults feeding on the leaves and the larvae on the roots and tubers. In the European Union (EU) emergency measures have been introduced to prevent the introduction of the EPPO A1 listed species Epitrix tuberis and E. subcrinita and the spread of the EPPO A2 species E. cucumeris and E. papa, accidentally introduced in Portugal and Spain. The three former species are native from North America and are known to cause damage to tubers, with E. tuberis being the most damaging one. E. papa is a newly described species with unknown geographic origin and known distribution limited to some regions of Portugal and Spain and causes damage to tubers. Other neotropical Epitrix species could also be of concern for European phytosanitary authorities, such as E. yanazara, which are known to feed on potato. Further research into the taxonomy and pest status of other potential Epitrix species of concern within the neotropics is required to understand these lesser-known species better and the impacts they may pose to other regions. This project utilises the expertise of a network of scientists developed during Euphresco Epitrix I project to increase knowledge, understanding and preparedness for potential new outbreaks of Epitrix spp. affecting potato crops. Epitrix species are uniform in their external morphology and difficult to distinguish in the field or in the laboratory even by specialists. Taxonomic experts from affected areas in Europe and North America prepared samples of accurately identified Epitrix beetles to help validate molecular detection methods for the benefit of the plant inspection services, particularly for regions where this expertise does not exist. Validated methods are now ready for interlaboratory comparative tests, which will be carried out in autumn 2021. Many new potential pest Epitrix spp. were collected on solanaceous plants during a field expedition to Peru in 2020. This material will be used to help to bridge the knowledge gap of lesser-known Epitrix species within the neotropics. Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated in EPITRIX I in the laboratory and in field experiments as potential attractants for detecting and monitoring Epitrix. Further research into the attractiveness of the VOC substances were studied, and although the results were encouraging, the attractiveness of the substances tested in the field was insufficient for reliable insect detection and monitoring. An additional study for testing new attractants (plant and insect volatiles) was therefore proposed but unfortunately not funded. Available licensed insecticides and cultural management practices were reviewed to ensure that chemical control measures are still feasible, as several widely used pesticides have recently been removed from the market or are under review in the EU and the United Kingdom. The study showed that cultural practices (such as crop rotation, dates of planting, plantation of a trap crop, destruction of crop residues, and control of solanaceous weeds) may be used for efficiently disrupting the insect’s biology and target control.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».