Sex‐specific Consequences of Psychosocial Stress on Cardiorespiratory Control: a Comparison with Intermittent Hypoxia
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Sleep apnea (SA) is a complex, multifactorial and a sex‐specific respiratory disorder; sexual dimorphism being present both in its prevalence and in the presentation of the pathology. To this day, the origins of SA remain unknown. While intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly used to assess the pathophysiology of SA, this systemic stress is a consequence, not a cause of SA. The psychosocial stress of social isolation (SI) and the recent COVID pandemic showed how SI increases the risk for a broad range of diseases, including hypertension and obesity, which are common comorbidities of SA. While there is growing evidence linking psychosocial stress and SA, its effect on cardiorespiratory function is yet to be established. To address this issue, we tested the hypothesis that SI is sufficient to induce sex‐specific cardiorespiratory and metabolic disturbances similar to those seen in patients with SA. We then compared the effects of SI with those observed following moderate IH. Adult (8 weeks old) rats were subjected to either three weeks of social isolation or standard housing. SI consisted of single housing without visual contact with other rats (n = 22); the control rats were housed in pairs (n = 22), both groups under normoxic conditions. The third group (n = 18) housed in pairs was exposed to intermittent hypoxia (IH: FiO 2 = 0.10 – 30s, 10 cycles/hour, 8 hours/day, 7 days). Apneas were quantified by whole body plethysmography during sleep. Cardiovascular measurements were then measured by tail cuff pressure and body composition by magnetic resonance. Blood samples were obtained at the end of the protocol to measure plasma corticosterone and ACTH with a multiplex assay. Male rats subjected to SI had an apnea index 27% higher than controls, were hypertensive (+ 15mmHg) and gained 6% more weight than males in pair housing. The body fat and fluid gains of SI males were, respectively, 21% and 38% higher than their controls. Yet, food consumption did not differ between the two groups. SI augmented plasma ACTH and corticosterone. The SI protocol had no significant effect in females. IH males (but not females) were hypertensive (+ 9mmHg), and their heart rate was 54 bpm greater than controls but no significant change in the number of apneas. Moderate IH did not augment stress hormone levels. Unlike SI, IH reduced food consumption and weight gain in both sexes. IH reduced body fat by 18% and body fluids by 30% compared to controls. Body composition of IH females was not different from controls. Our results demonstrate that SI is sufficient to activate the neuroendocrine stress response and induce sex‐specific cardiorespiratory and metabolic disturbances similar to those reported in SA patients. Our observations also suggest that the cardiovascular disturbance in IH occurs before respiratory disruption, and that and the activation of the stress pathways is necessary to augment apneic events. A longer or more severe protocol should be considered. These results indicate that stress hormones play an important role in the etiology of respiratory disorders and key comorbidities such as hypertension and obesity. We propose that SI is a valuable model to investigate the origins and pathophysiology of SA.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».