Searching Beyond the Standard Model: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Data

The current standard model (SM) of particle physics is known to be an incomplete model of the Universe.Experiments have given strong evidence for the existence of dark matter.Other alterations to the SM could include the presence of extra forces and/or non-standard cosmologies.In our current era, we have many experimental methods that can probe the boundaries of the SM using particle colliders, astrophysical observatories, or gravitational wave interferometers.In the latter case, we explore Sagan taught us how insignificant we are when compared to the sheer beauty and awe of the world.When I see my brother, it's the opposite.The world slowly seeps away with every word we share.v Statement of Originality The background chapters 1, 2, & 3 are reviews of the Standard Model, cosmology, and relevant analysis methods, respectively.Majority of the material for these chapters is well established and is covered in various textbooks.In the first chapter the main sources being: Peskin and Schroeder's "An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory" [1] and Matthew Schwartz's "Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model" [2].In Chapter 2 the main sources are: Kolb and Turner's "The Early Universe" [3] and James Hartle's "Gravity" [4].In Chapter 3 the main sources are: Maxim Perelstein's TASI lectures "Introduction to Collider Physics" [5] , John Campbel et al's "The Black Book of Quantum Chromodynamics: A Primer for the LHC Era" [6], and Glen Cowan's "Statistical Data Analysis" [7].The following chapters 4 & 6 and appendix B contain original research.Each of these projects were done in collaboration with other physicists with contributions as follows: Ch. 4 Gravitational Wave Signals from Multiple Hidden Sectors [8]: This project was done in collaboration with Paul Archer-Smith and Daniel Stolarski.D.L proposed the idea of using multiple hidden sectors as a generator of unique gravitational wave signals.Both P.A.S and D.L found the appropriate toy model of N naturalness and reheating schemes.The particle physics calculations were carried out by P.A.S including hidden sector particle spectra, Ne↵ constraints, reheating scenarios, and energy density calculations.D.L calculated the thermal dynamic variables of the phase transitions, gravitational wave (MHD, Sound, and Scalar field) contributions at production and today, (non)runaway regimes, power law sensitivities curves for each proposed interferometer, and resulting plots.All work was closely checked and discussed by all collaborators.vi Ch. 5 Triggering on Emerging Jets [10]: This work was done in collaboration with D.S using one of his original models.The work was proposed and supervised by D.S.The bulk of the work was conducted by D.L with constant checks and discussion with D.S. Ap.B Searching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Collider [9]: This work was done with one of the white paper's sub-collaborations, focused on the topic of dark showers.The collaboration highlighted the current theoretical landscape containing dark showers and limitations of Monte-Carlo modelling.D.L and D.S both contributed a review of emerging jets and semi-visible jets.D.L assisted in showing the quantifiable constraints of current Monte Carlo methods using visual distributions of extreme case scenarios.It has been placed in Appendix b for the purpose of generically defining two di↵erent dark showering implementations; simivisible jets and emerging jets.Chapters 1 and 5 build o↵ of the generic emerging jets model for di↵erent hidden valley mediators, hidden sector spectra, and quantum numbers.vii

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