Rethinking Invasibility

Humanity’s rise is rapidly moulding the structure and functioning of the biosphere over the surface of our planet, while human-mediated translocations of organisms – an inevitable consequence of this rise – is driving further transformation (Pyšek et al. 2020b). Drawing inspiration and concepts from population ecology, Invasion Science 1.0 (see Chapter 1) has explored the myriad ways a focal alien species can negotiate geographical, ecological and environmental barriers to establish and potentially invade in new novel environments. Coordinated efforts have been made to classify introduction pathways (Hulme et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2009); forecast invasion risks (Kumschick and Richardson 2013) and impacts (Jeschke et al. 2014); model invasive spread (Hui and Richardson 2017); unify invasion frameworks (Wilson et al. 2020); and prescribe management strategies such as early detection and rapid response to prevent, contain and eradicate problematic species (Wilson et al. 2017). However, the phenomenon of biological invasions involves all types of organisms, ecosystems and a wide range of contexts and framings; this has given rise to a plethora of invasion hypotheses and theories that seek to explain and ultimately predict aspects of invasion dynamics and the expected outcome of specific management actions (Jeschke and Heger 2018). Most invasion hypotheses are relevant in specific contexts and often fail when faced with the reality of contextual complexity. This has led to a wave of syntheses that have attempted to classify invasion cases and hypotheses based largely on three aspects – invasive traits, site characteristics and invasion pathways (Pyšek et al. 2020a). To embrace considerations that arise when attempting to merge insights from all these perspectives, a paradigm shift began emerging at the turn of the millennium, together with the rise of network science. It embraces the complexity of biotic interaction networks (Figure 7.1; e.g., Segar et al. 2020), the trait paradigm in community ecology (Figure 7.2; e.g., McGill et al. 2006; Salguero-Gómez et al. 2018), and considers how functional traits of species dictate their ecology and roles in networks (Figure 7.3; e.g., Mello et al. 2019). This new lens for drawing together threads pertaining to all facets of biological invasions (Invasion Science 2.0) seeks to elucidate the structure and function of an ecological network facing biological invasions. This book has laid out a road map of signposts, hazard warnings and shortcuts for the journey to Invasion Science 2.0, framing and classifying research topics and offering tentative solutions and travel advisories.

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