This issue of ACTA 100‐4

The cover illustration demonstrates a diabetic lesion in the fundus and is explained further in a letter to the editor from Grauslund et al. in the electronic part of this issue. Fjærvoll et al. in Norway find that visual display terminal (VDT) use is strongly associated with dry eye disease (DED). VDT-associated DED is prevalent, but the exact prevalence needs to be further elucidated using standardized DED diagnosis criteria. Furthermore, a safe lower limit of daily VDT use has yet to be established. Gajjar and Ostrin in Texas provide a systematic review of near work and myopia. They conclude that more precise objective measures of near viewing behaviours are necessary to make definitive conclusions regarding the relationship between myopia and near work. Veiby et al. in Oslo found that retinal venular oxygen saturation is associated with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) in young patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Age and lower AV-O2 (artery-vein-oxygen2) saturation difference contribute to explaining the grade of NPDR independently of other risk factors. Reduced delivery of O2 to the retinal tissue is associated with the development of retinopathy in young patients with T1D and should be given appropriate weight in the risk stratification at early stages of the disease. Runhart et al. monitor incidence and diagnostic trends of Stargardt disease in the Netherlands using a nationwide disease registry. The incidence was 1.67–1.95:1 000 000 per year and the point prevalence in 2018 was approximately 1:22 000–1:19 000. Schrijver et al. in Belgium present vitreous proteomics as a gateway to improved understanding and stratification of diverse uveitis aetiologies including primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, sarcoid uveitis and tuberculosis associated uveitis. Gram et al. in Aarhus found that preservation time of donor cornea was associated with graft survival in Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty. Prolonged preservation time of more than 4 weeks seemed to lower the 2-year survival. Brekelmans et al. in The Netherlands, Germany and Israel suggest that excimer laser-assisted corneal epithelial pattern ablation helps corneal cross-linking. Stromal chromophore concentration is reduced in the pig eyes studied and this may have safety implications. Dudakova et al. in Czech Republic, United Kingdom and New Zealand describe the phenotype and molecular genetic causes of X-linked megalocornea. Alberti et al. in Copenhagen observed that forceps induced inner retinal damage commonly occurs during initiation of internal limiting membrane peeling in macular hole surgery. Damage to the structure and function of the inner retina seems to correlate to surgical experience. Boulakh et al. in Copenhagen report that topical anaesthesia in single muscle recession for Graves' orbitopathy is safe and well-tolerated and gives acceptable surgical outcomes. Van Minderhout et al. in The Netherlands found solid evidence that skin pigmentation rather than iris pigmentation is the decisive factor for effectiveness of cycloplegics. Awareness of the limitations of cycloplegic regimens in dark-irided/pigmented children is needed. De Lima et al. in Sweden found that dexamethasone and benzalkonium chloride do not accumulate in contact lenses in infanta after cataract surgery, and a depot effect of any clinical significance is unlikely. Therefore, the number of drops given after surgery should remain the same regardless of whether the child has contact lenses. Elsman et al. in The Netherlands found that children with visual impairment and their parents have different perspectives on the child's participation and quality of life. Reports of children and parents seem to be complementary and are both relevant to obtain a complete picture of the burden of VI and relevant to inform healthcare decisions. The following articles are published only in the electronic part of this issue and are accessible on www.actaophthalmologica.com. Valentín-Bravo et al. in Spain review complications associated with the use of silicone oil (SO) in vitreoretinal surgery. They find that ocular hypertension and not hypotension is related to SO use. Re-detachment cases are fewer when SO is used and surprisingly there does not seem to be a relationship in the percentage of emulsification between the low- and high-viscosity silicones. Lewczuk et al. in Poland review the morphology of Schlemm's canal and aqueous humour pathways. Channelography images the conventional drainage pathway and facilitating localization of an uncollapsed collector and aqueous veins. Mao et al. in China studied anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) efficacy in diabetic macular oedema using intraocular cytokines and macular optical coherence tomography. Aqueous humour concentrations of some inflammatory cytokines in diabetic macula oedema (DME) were differentially expressed among DME morphologies. Hyper-reflective foci (HF) were associated with VEGF and other inflammatory cytokine levels. Multiple HF at baseline predicted a significant decrease in central macular thickness, and eyes with normal VEGF but increased inflammatory cytokines may. Lin et al. in China report that inhibition of CD146 attenuates retinal neovascularization via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signalling pathway in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and suggest this may offer a new pathway for treatment. Diaz-Valle et al. in Spain found topical insulin superior to autologous serum eye drops in a retrospective study of persistent epithelial defects of the cornea. Niedzwiecki et al. in France compared 12-month outcomes of ranibizumab versus aflibercept for macular oedema in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and found that both improved visual acuity and reduced central subfield thickness in eyes with CRVO in routine clinical practice, with aflibercept showing significantly greater improvements in this comparative analysis. Schroeder et al. in Sweden explored real-world outcomes and treatment patterns in patients treated with anti-VEGF for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in Sweden. With time, the frequency of injections increased and visual outcomes improved. Lupidi et al. in Italy, France and USA found similar outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy in treatment-naïve AMD diagnosed by optical coherent or fluorescein angiography. Shimizu et al. in Japan and Canada reviewed 5-year visual outcomes of anti-VEGF monotherapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and found that it was similarly effective for pachychoroid- and non-pachychoroid-phenotype eyes with PCV. Qin et al. in China provide a comprehensive picture of myopia progression from onset to stabilization in school-aged children with single-vison lenses in China. All children who have myopia onset below 10 years of age were at risk for high myopia. Ye et al. in Shanghai investigated the percentages and risk factors for visual impairment across age groups in a highly myopic cohort with a wide range of age (18–93 years). The percentages of myopic maculopathy and related visual impairment increased nonlinearly with older age, with a turning point at 45 years for myopic atrophy maculopathy, preceding that of myopic traction maculopathy, myopic neovascular maculopathy and visual impairment by 5 years. Xiong et al. in China recorded accelerated loss of crystalline lens power initiating from emmetropia among young school children in a 2-year longitudinal study. This loss is retarded when myopia persists and is accompanied by disappearance of the compensatory effect of lens power against axial elongation. Oh et al. in Korea found ultra-widefield fundus imaging to be useful for identifying the posterior staphyloma and monitoring the progression of myopic maculopathy in highly myopic patients. Nguyen et al. in The Netherlands studied the effectiveness of the OrCam in patients with advanced inherited retinal dystrophies. Following OrCam testing, significant improvements were observed in the ‘near activities’ subscale of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) (p < 0.001); the ‘visual functioning’ subscale of the re-engineered NEI-VFQ (p = 0.001); the ‘reading’ rehabilitation goal of the PAI (p = 0.005) and the overall score of the OFQ (p < 0.001). Kouwenberg et al. in The Netherlands report that Adalimumab is effective in the treatment of non-JIA-uveitis in children by achieving disease inactivity in the majority of the patients, improving BCVA and decreasing the dose of corticosteroids. Adverse events and side effects are limited. Wirostko et al. in USA found that exfoliation syndrome patients have increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Pichler et al. performed a comparative study of various prism adaptation forms in the surgical management of esophoria. They conclude that the postoperative result is independent from the duration and amount (partial or full correction) of prism adaptation before surgery at least up to one year of follow-up. Prolonged prism adaptation (>365 days) before surgery does not improve the results. Ala-Kauhaluoma et al. in Finland report that ocular signs are common in carotid stenosis (CS) in ipsi- and contralateral eyes before and after carotid endarterectomy. Symptoms included amaurosis fugax and hemispheric transient ischemic attack. Of the 70, 17 patients showed ocular signs of CS. Pan et al. in China studied a novel bubble ultra-wide field viewing system for vitreoretinal surgery. A planoconcave lens and air bubble formed the wide-angle viewing system, through which peripheral. Pacini et al. in Italy examined macular microstructures of eyes treated with autologous internal limiting membrane transplant and human Amniotic Membrane plug transplant for failed macular holes. Starace et al. in Italy describe a case of ocular leukemic mass-like relapse treated with CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery. Grauslund et al. in Odense verified good or excellent agreement was demonstrated for expert drawings of most diabetic retinopathy-associated lesions. This helps to establish a virtual ocular learning platform with interactive marking exercises for DR-grading. Schaub et al. report favourably on 9 cases with silicone oil endotamponade in eyes with Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1. I hope you find This Issue of ACTA informative and interesting.

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