Impacts of Post-tropical Storm Noel (November, 2007) on the Atlantic coastline of Nova Scotia
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Observations of coastal infrastructure and detailed surveys of physical changes at eight beaches document the impacts of Post-tropical Storm Noel that struck the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia on November 3-4, 2007. The surveys were part of an ongoing investigation of the impacts of major storms on different shore types and their rate of recovery. In addition, flood water levels and wave run-up extent were documented to better define shores vulnerable to these coastal hazards. The area of gale to storm force southerly to southwesterly winds in Noel extended along most of the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Waves in excess of 8 m height lasted nearly 6 hours, with a focused direction of 190-220 degrees as they peaked in height. Wave set-up increased water level but it was still about 50 cm less than maximum levels reached during Hurricane Juan. If Noel had occurred a week earlier during spring tides, the damage probably would have been significantly greater in area, and possibly in intensity. Power outages and minor damage from waves tossing debris and rocks across adjacent roads and properties occurred in similar locations as past storms. No official dollar values have been published for the cost of Noel. The worst damage to infrastructure was on the outer coast, in the vicinity of the Lahave River, at Peggy's Cove and scattered locations along St. Margarets Bay. Waves overwashed all shores less than 4.4 m elevation. Backshore dunes were flooded a maximum distance of 84 m from the beach. A low gravel barrier beach crest was pushed nearly 6 m landward and its lagoon shore was extended 10 m. Where backshores were higher, wave run-up extended to elevations of 6 m across vegetated sand dunes and possibly as high as 12 m across bedrock shores. Flood waters reached 1.9 to 2.3 m elevation at lagoons and estuaries along the Eastern Shore and possibly as high as 3.1 m along the South Shore. Most of the beaches still retained their maximum sediment build-up when Noel struck which lessened the wave impacts. Natural dunes were cut back less than 7 m, except where water was funneled through existing dune cuts used as trails, or water turbulence was intensified around artificial structures, such as boardwalks and fences. Channels were cut through weak parts of dunes at Lawrencetown, Martinique and Cherry Hill beaches. A backshore pond along Hartling Bay was completely drained and became tidal when the barrier beach fronting it was breached. The Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia has been retreating landward for thousands of years because of sea level rise. Storms such as Noel cause one small step in that process which varies in intensity depending on the condition of specific shores. For the eight beaches investigated Cherry Hill and Cow Bay continue to rapidly evolve, parts of Lawrencetown and Martinique beaches are now more susceptible to rapid change, Hirtles and Miseners-Long beaches continue to slowly migrate, Conrads Beach is in a phase of building and less impacted, and natural movement of Crescent Beach became more constrained with the addition of rock in response to dune erosion caused by Noel.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».