Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The global nitrogen cycle is initiated by the fixation of atmospheric N 2 , by either natural or chemical processes, to bioavailable ammonium (NH 4 + ). Nitrification is the oxidative process that transforms this ammonium to nitrate, via a nitrite intermediate. Nitrification is performed solely by microorganisms: ammonia‐oxidising bacteria and archaea oxidise ammonia to nitrite, nitrite‐oxidising bacteria oxidise nitrite to nitrate and comammox bacteria oxidise ammonia to nitrate. Nitrifiers (and anammox) are distinguished from other microorganisms as they can grow solely from the oxidation of inorganic nitrogenous molecules and fix carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source, although many can also grow using alternative catabolic processes, by cross‐feeding, and/or by mixotrophy. Key enzymes to the nitrification process include ammonia monooxygenase, hydroxylamine dehydrogenase and nitrite oxidoreductase. A putative enzyme catalysing nitric oxide oxidation to nitrite is currently uncharacterised. Essential intermediates to nitrification include hydroxylamine, nitric oxide and nitrite. As well as performing a required component of the global nitrogen cycle, nitrifying microorganisms are also responsible for the loss of nitrogen‐based fertilisers in soil and play a critical role in emission of the potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, as mediated by production and consumption of nitric oxide in their metabolism. Key Concepts Nitrification is an oxidative process that transforms reduced nitrogen, primarily ammonia, to nitrate. Fluxes in nitrogen transformations associated with nitrification activity have accelerated greatly over the past century owing to the production and application of inorganic ammonium‐based fertilisers. Microorganisms involved in nitrification are ubiquitously distributed in nature and found virtually everywhere that ammonia and oxygen are present. Nitrification is mediated by bacteria and archaea and is performed by either two (ammonia and nitrite oxidisers) or one (comammox) canonical functional group. Autotrophic pathways of ammonia‐ and nitrite‐oxidising bacteria are the Calvin cycle or reverse TCA cycle; ammonia‐oxidising archaea assimilate carbon dioxide via the 3‐hydroxypropionate/4‐hydroxybutyrate pathway. Key enzymes of nitrification are ammonia monooxygenase, hydroxylamine dehydrogenase, nitric oxide oxidase (putative) and nitrite oxidoreductase. Methanotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms can carry out parts of nitrification but cannot grow from oxidising reduced nitrogen compounds. Mechanisms for the production of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide are distinct among nitrifying microorganisms. Comparative genome analysis and the use of differential inhibitors can assist in determining differences in physiology and niche preference among nitrifying microorganisms. There is substantial physiological diversity within individual functional groups (e.g. ammonia oxidisers) which results in niche differentiation both within and between taxonomic groups of nitrifiers.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,033 | 0,006 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».