Numerical Simulation of In Situ Combustion Experiments Operated under Low Temperature Conditions
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract During In-Situ Combustion (ISC) processes, different chemical reactions occur depending on the temperature level. In heavy oils and bitumens Low Temperature Oxidation (LTO) reactions dominate below 300 °C, increasing the density and viscosity and producing coke which could prevent the success of ISC. Above 350 °C, combustion reactions dominate, known as High Temperature Oxidation (HTO), producing carbon oxides and water. Numerical models tend to include only thermal cracking and HTO reactions, as LTO reactions are not well understood. In the present work, ISC experiments operated under LTO were simulated, using Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltenes (SARA) fractions to characterize the Athabasca bitumen. Concentration profiles and coke deposition for individual temperatures were matched for isothermal experiments from 60 °C to 150 °C. Based on these results, Ramped Temperature Oxidation (RTO) experiments were then modelled, incorporating the heat of reaction at LTO. Different reaction models were studied to match temperature profiles along the reactor, oxygen consumption, coke formation and fluids production. This research will greatly increase the understanding of LTO reactions occurring in Athabasca bitumen during ISC and contribute to the creation of a reliable numerical model that predicts ISC performance under ideal (HTO) and, importantly, non-ideal (LTO) temperature conditions. Introduction In Situ Combustion (ISC) is a promising but complex oil recovery process in which thermal energy is generated inside the reservoir due to combustion reactions between the heaviest fractions of the oil and an injected oxygen containing gas. For heavy oils and bitumens, ignition temperatures above 350 °C are required to promote the combustion reactions (HTO). At lower temperatures other types of reactions predominate, involving the addition of oxygen to the bitumen, producing heavier oxidized compounds. The low temperature oxidation (LTO) reactions are detrimental to oil production hence ISC processes are designed to operate under the high temperature combustion regime (HTO). However, LTO reactions occur if the air flux becomes too low to sustain the combustion reactions, leading to lower than estimated production yields. It has been proven in laboratory experiments that oil recovery is considerably reduced when Low Temperature Oxidation reactions occur to some extent, compromising the success of the ISC. Even though the adverse effect that LTO reactions could have on ISC processes has been shown by different authors [1–3] most numerical simulations of ISC still exclude them [4–6]. Generally, numerical simulations rely only on the high temperature reactions consisting of deposition of coke due to thermal cracking and coke combustion, which leads to unrealistic predictions. The complexity of LTO reactions and the lack of a thorough understanding of their effect on ISC is the main reason for their exclusion in numerical models. Despite all the efforts of studying the kinetics of LTO, there is still a lack of comprehensive kinetic models able to represent the main effect of these reactions on ISC processes. Belgrave et al.[7] were one of the first to include LTO reactions in ISC numerical models.
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| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
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