Effect of Oxidation on Explosion Potential and Barite Sag Reduction in Oil and Synthetic- Based Drilling Fluids
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Oil and synthetic-based drilling fluids are the drilling muds of choice in high pressure and high temperature wells. The hot drilling fluid is returned to the surface tanks and is exposed to air in mud tanks. Since the base liquids of these drilling fluid systems are expensive, they are used in many wells before disposal. The long exposure of the oil with air can result in substantial oxidation of the oil, especially in hot reservoirs in summer temperatures. To simulate the oxidation of these drilling fluids, an experimental study was conducted in which 20 oil-based and synthetic-based drilling fluid systems, which are used in Western Canada, were examined. The drilling fluid systems were aged in stationary reactors in the presence of one charge of air for 52 hours at 150 °C and 13.5 MPa initial pressure. While rapid heat releases or explosions in the synthetic-based drilling fluids were observed, oil-based systems were safe under the conditions tested. The rheological properties of the drilling fluid samples after aging were compared with the original (before aging) samples. The results at an ultra low shear rate range of 0.0–0.2 s−1 and a high shear rate range of 0–4,000 s−1 are presented. It is shown that the aged drilling fluid systems exhibited a tremendous increase in viscosity at ultralow shear rates. Furthermore, relatively low increases in viscosity at medium and high shear rates were observed. Introduction Demand for energy sources is increasing throughout the world at a rapid rate due to industrial development and population growth. The search for new sources of oil and gas on land and offshore and also developing the current resources has been increased due to this increasing demand. Oil production involves two main phases of drilling operations, namely exploration and development. The exploration phase operations determine the potential hydrocarbon reserves and include drilling of exploratory wells, whereas the development phase operations include drilling of production wells, once a hydrocarbon reserve has already been discovered. Drilling fluids are one of the essential components of the drilling operation. Inappropriate design of a drilling fluid system can lead to numerous problems such as stuck pipe, lost circulation, wellbore instability, gellation, insufficient hole cleaning, bit balling, barite sag, excessive torque and drag, corrosion, H2S contamination, and plugging due to gas hydrates. Due to some underbalanced drilling applications that employ gasified liquids, oxidation of oil and synthetic-based drilling fluids has recently received some attention. Historically, in-situ combustion (1) and high pressure air injection (HPAI) (2),(3) are two major areas in thermal enhanced oil recovery techniques that oxidation of oils are of special importance. In these processes it is of vital importance to know what effects the oxidation has on rheological properties of the oil, because it affects the mobility of the oil and therefore the recovery factor. In drilling fluids, in addition to changes in rheological properties, safety considerations and explosion potential require investigation. The current research, which has been conducted by the In Situ Combustion Research Group at University of Calgary benefits their vast experience in the oxidation of bitumen, heavy oils, and light oils.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».