At Home and Across Borders: Gender in Guatemalan Households and Labour Migration to Canada

This dissertation investigates change and continuity in household gender dynamics in the context of Guatemalans' labour migration to Canada.Thousands of Guatemalans have challenged circumstances of economic precariousness by working in Canadian agriculture through Canada's Temporary Foreign Worker Program.This study explores experiences of migrants and non-migrating partners and other household members through a social, critical, and feminist lens, specifically asking whether Guatemalan women's and men's seasonal migration to Canada has contributed to shifts in gender-related practices and relations of power in their households.The study is situated in 'gender and migration' scholarship, and rests theoretically on the idea that gender is expressed at individual, ideological, and institutional levels of society.I map this foundation onto the possibilities created by the temporary labour migration of individual household members.Specifically, I investigate shifts in the gendered selves of migrants and partners, gender consciousness and ideologies as social remittances, and the impacts of income and economic remittances.These lines of inquiry were pursued through critical feminist and ethnographic approaches to interview-based fieldwork in Guatemala with migrant-sending households in an indigenous community, complemented by organizational interviews in both Guatemala and Canada.Based on both during-and post-migration scenarios, this case study revealed that migration has reinforced the status quo much more than it has encouraged disruptions to patriarchal household gender dynamics.Although occasional signs of change did arise in thinking about and practicing gender, this dissertation demonstrates a great deal of continuity in women's and men's gender practices and relations of authority, and draws attention to the profound influence iii of both transnational processes and local conditions that reinforce gender relations.In a context where Guatemalans' migration to Canada shows few signs of ebbing, this dissertation identifies the need for further research to assess both longer-term and intersectional gender-related impacts.Yaneth and Gloria poignantly introduce some of the issues explored in this dissertation on the shifts and continuities in household gender dynamics in the context of Guatemalans' labour migration to Canada.Amid economic precariousness, as many as one third of Guatemalan households depend in some fashion on international migration for their livelihoods ( Hernández 2011), and beginning in 2003 because of changes to its Temporary Foreign Worker Program, Canada is increasingly a destination among Guatemalan migrants, the vast majority men, struggling for better life chances.Against this backdrop, I examine whether and to what extent the seasonal migration to Canada of indigenous Guatemalans -women and men -has encouraged shifts in gendered facets of the daily lives of their households.This dissertation takes its departure from a concept of gender as a social construct that defines, in culturally-specific ways, the parameters of masculinity and femininity, and from there investigates household gender relations, the gender-delineated and powerladen arrangements of production and authority.My study enmeshes those arrangements in Guatemala with labour migration to Canada for agricultural work, and addresses three principal research questions: First, what happened in household gender relations in the context of migration to Canada, both during migrants' absences and upon return?Second, what were the primary avenues through which shifts and continuities in household gender dynamics occurred?And third, what factors and circumstances -in both Canada and Guatemala, both transnationally and locally -shaped the outcomes in these regards?This study engages with an increasingly rich body of 'gender and migration' scholarship, that is, research on the multi-directional relationships between migration and diverse, multi-sited expressions of gender (e.g., Carling 2005, Piper 2005).This body of work is very instructive, and by examining the social implications of migration and

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