Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS) has been applied with very good success to enhance heavy oil production in Canada, China, Venezuela, and Kazakhstan. Based on existing laboratory and field information and case histories, the most important physical processes enhancing cold production have been reviewed, summarized, and quantified. Several sanding models are developed, including a new porosity cap model for failure propagation as well as a semianalytical elastoplastic stress model coupled with an unsteady pressure model for foamy oils. The mechanisms for oil rate enhancement by CHOPS, such as porosity and permeability enhancement that arise from sand removal, propagation of the elastoplastic (remolded) zone, increase of oil velocity relative to the matrix, and the effects of foamy oil behavior, are quantitatively described and compared. The proposed model can be applied to predict how much additional oil one might expect for a given amount of produced sand. It might also serve as a tool for optimizing cold heavy oil production while nevertheless keeping the sand flux at a low level, which could reduce operating expenses such as limiting sand disposal costs. Introduction There may be more than 6 trillion barrels of heavy oil on Earth (1), compared to 1.75–2.3 trillion barrels of conventional oil, over 40% of which has already been produced (2). Because of high viscosity, primary recovery factors for heavy oils are generally low; if the viscosity is higher than 10,000–20,000 cP in situ and the permeability less than 5 Darcy, it appears that commercial recovery using any conventional non-thermal method is not possible. With careful design and implementation, various thermal recovery schemes can be effective, but high operational costs restrict their applicability. Though it has been long recognized that the maximum recovery of oil from an unconsolidated sand is directly dependent upon the maximum recovery of the sand itself. (3), CHOPS was not widely implemented with commercial success until advanced pumping systems (such as the progressive cavity pumps) were perfected in the late 1980s for slurries containing sand. Since then, because of reasonable recovery factors (∼15–20%), production rates (20–300 bbl/day), effective sand handling and disposal, and no heat costs, CHOPS has grown to provide more than 20% of Canada's oil. In 2002, Canada's oil production from all sources was ∼ 2.9 × 106 b/d, of which more than 600,000 b/d was CHOPS production. Heavy oil reservoirs suitable for CHOPS are located in unconsolidated or weakly consolidated sands where sand mobilization can be easily triggered and sand influx sustained for the productive life of the well. Because of several unique characteristics of unconsolidated heavy oil reservoirs, well productivity may be 10–20 times higher in CHOPS wells than predicted by conventional Darcy's law flow equations (4). The mechanisms responsible for the enhanced production rate in CHOPS are (5):Porosity and permeability are enhanced as sand is removed from the formation, along with any mechanical skin that may have developed;
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».