A New Methodology for Modelling of Sand Wormholes in Field Scale Thermal Simulations
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Sand wormholes created by the concurrent production of sand and heavy oil are instrumental in improving oil rates and ultimate recovery. The wormholes form high permeability conduits for flow of oil and more sand. The wormholes may extend several hundred metres away from each well and connect with other well's wormholes. Efforts have been made to predict the wormhole network based on growth of each wormhole's tip. In this paper, we use a fractal geostatistical method to pregenerate the wormhole network. This wormhole network is then incorporated into a full field thermal simulation model. A dual porosity-dual permeability grid is used, one for the reservoir pay and one for the wormhole network. The wormhole grid cells have the same pore volume as the wormholes and a sparse network structure. With this wormhole representation in the simulation model, we were able to match thermal responses of cold production wells from a steam injection pilot due to the wormholes conducting hot fluid from the steam injectors. As a result, this modelling concept for wormholes may be used to investigate post cold production thermal recovery methods as well as for thinner reservoirs not uitable for SAGD where the wormholes may act as natural horizontal wells. Introduction Sand production occurs with heavy oil production inunconsolidated sand formations. If sand production is stopped with screens or filters, this often results in totalloss of production from the well. With the use of Progressive cavity pumps, sand production can be encouraged resulting in sand cuts that can be as high as 30-40% initially before dropping to about 5%. The production of sand results in open holes, whimsically called wormholes, that stretch far into the formation away from the well. The productivity of the well rises from the average 4 to 5 m3/d to as high as 15 to 20 m3/d as the wormholes form high permeability conduits for flow of oil and more sand. This production process is called Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand or CHOPS. Many papers have been published on the mechanics of sand wormhole development. Recently, Y. Wang and C. Chen(1) describe a reservoir model coupled with a detailed wormhole propagation model. The model also incorporates slurry transport with three phase fluid flow. This appears to be a single well model. Research work at the Alberta Research Council on modelling cold production was published by Sawatzky et al. (2). They provide a review of cold production technology as well as their modelling efforts in combining a comprehensive sand production with a fluid flow simulator. It would appear that this too was a single well model predicting the development of wormholes from a well using criterion for sand failure at the tip of a wormhole. These two papers also list extensive bibliography which will not be repeated here.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».