Semantics or Substance? David Scheffer's Welcome Proposal to Strengthen Criminal Accountability for Atrocities
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
s fascinating proposal, if I understand it properly, calls for an amalgamation of various categories of internationally condemned behavior-mainly genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes-into a new concept known as ''atrocity law.''This will facilitate implementation of the responsibility to protect vulnerable populations.Pedantic debates about matters of essentially technical relevance to criminal prosecution will not be allowed to impede sincere efforts at intervention or to provide a pretext for those who shirk their obligations.Leslie Green mooted a similar idea in the mid-1990s, but it didn't gain any traction at the time. 1 In informal discussions as part of the drafting of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), I argued for Green's proposal to conflate crimes against humanity and war crimes but was regularly told that this simply wasn't going to fly.And yet there are many recent developments favoring this drive for greater coherence and more simplicity.The international tribunals themselves have promoted the idea of general principles and concepts with respect to war crimes that are drawn from such formulations as common article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions.In effect, common article 3 serves as a catchall category that obviates the need for more precise provisions.The Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) took two texts drawn from provisions drafted in the 1940s and ''interpreted'' them to mean all ''serious violations of international humanitarian law.'' 2 We can see the same kind of consolidation in the tendency of the tribunals to convict offenders of both crimes against humanity and war crimes.With rare exceptions, every ''atrocity'' committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina was characterized as both a war crime and a crime against humanity.Without suggesting that the distinction is devoid of any significance, in terms of putting evildoers behind bars it has not proven to be a terribly productive nuance.Much the same can be said of the distinction between genocide and crimes against humanity.The commission of inquiry into Darfur concluded against a finding of genocide but said that crimes against humanity appeared to have been committed and that there was no reason to suggest that this made the matter any less serious:The above conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or though the militias under their control, should not be taken as in any way detracting from, or belittling, the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region.As stated above genocide is not necessarily the most serious international crime.Depending upon the circumstances, such international offences as crimes against humanity or large scale war crimes may be no less
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Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».