A Multiphase Flow Approach to Modelling Sand Production Using Finite Elements
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The paper presents an extension of a theoretical and numerical model that the authors have developed previously to address sand production as an erosion problem coupled with hydro- and geo-mechanical effects. A gas phase contribution is added to the governing equations within the framework of mixture theory and multiphase flow in a four component system, namely solids, fluidized solids, oil and gas. It is known that solution gas drive effects play an active role in the physics of sand production in that gas flow tends to increase the propensity of grain particle detachment from the sand matrix and subsequent fluid transport. The finite element formulation and essential algorithmic implementations are discussed. A one-dimensional numerical example of sand production in an oil reservoir undergoing pressure drawdown is presented to provide an understanding of the role of a gas phase in sand production. Introduction A long-standing problem in the oil recovery industry is sand production in unconsolidated oilsands and weak sandstones. Basically, during the oil recovery process, the pumping of the fluid induces huge drag forces that dislodge sand particles from the solid skeleton as the mechanical (inter-granular) strength of the formation is exceeded. The sand fragments are carried intothe wellbore where they can block the flow, damage pumps and pipes, and contaminate the produced fluid. With time, sand production creates cavities in the formation that continually increase in size and eventually lead to wellbore instability and failure. Each year, sanding issues cost the oil industry hundreds of millions of dollars to cope with well repair, pumping device replacement, and environmental issues. There have been various works described in the literature on the study of sand production from both mechanistic and fluid flow standpoints(1–5). For instance, Vardoulakis et al. (1) formulated the sand production problem as an erosional process in which sand grains are dislodged from the sand matrix under the influence of hydrodynamics. In view of solving real initial boundary value problems such as petroleum reservoirs, Wan and Wang (6–7) extended the work to consider a deformable sand matrix. Also, the authors proposed a robust computational model that solves the highly non-linear governing equations dominated by large convection terms within the framework of stabilized finite elements. However, what is missing in all the above-mentioned models is probably the consideration of a gas phase, which could be a driver for sand production mechanisms. For example, the gas phase can modify the dynamics of sand production by way of gas ex-solution. Due to a drop in reservoir pressure, gas comes out of the oil phase in the form of tiny gas bubbles. As a large number of these gas bubbles nucleate, there is formation of an emulsion that increases the mobility of the oil phase. From the solid skeleton viewpoint, additional drag forces act on the sand particles, which ultimately tend to increase the propensity to sand production. This paper extends previous works built on coupled erosion mechanics and hydrodynamics by including the presence of a gas phase in the formulation so as to capture the physics associated to gas ex-solution.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
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