Solution-Gas Drive in Heavy Oil: Field Prediction and Sensitivity Studies with Low Gas Phase Relative Permeability
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The favourable behaviour of heavy oil reservoirs under solution-gas drive has intrigued the oil industry for long. Many mechanistic models have been proposed to explain this behaviour. It is believed that the flow in heavy oil reservoir is quite complex and cannot be represented by one theory alone. This paper investigates one of the theories that attribute this behaviour of heavy oil reservoirs to low gas mobility. Simulation is carried out on a commercial black oil simulator to match the production data of heavy oil fields in Lindbergh and Frog Lake. Further, sensitivity studies are carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters in gas relative permeability model, on oil recovery in a radial geometry. The effect of sand production, which is an integral part of heavy oil production in Western Canada, is also investigated. A new parameter is used in the simulator to model the increase in permeability due to sand production. Finally, the results obtained from simulation in radial geometry are compared with that obtained in linear geometry. The results indicate that the field performance can be predicted by assigning low gas phase relative permeability values and incorporating improved permeability due to sand production. Neither of them by itself can model the field performance. It is concluded that the sand production increases the effective permeability of the reservoir in the far away field too. The low gas mobility is successful in explaining high pressure gradients and pressure maintenance mechanism observed in the field, and may be attributed as one of the reasons leading to favourable behaviour of heavy oil reservoirs. Introduction PanCanadian is the major operator in the Lindbergh and Frog Lake heavy oil fields in northeastern Alberta1. The fields have shown recovery, much in excess of what can be predicted by application of conventional flow equations in radial geometry. The oil production in these fields is accompanied by sand production. The mechanism of heavy oil production with sand production has been termed as "Cold Production". The production wells in Lindbergh and Frog Lake fields, under primary production, had produced about 9300 m3 of oil and about 230 m3 of sand in 1000 days. High pressure gradients were also observed in the field. Several tests were done in the field1 to test the mechanism responsible for the favourable behaviour of these reservoirs. Metwally and Solanki1 attempted to explain the mechanism and presented a simulation model to match the field production behaviour. With the above field performance in mind, and trying to match the field data, Metwally and Solanki1 postulated that the porosity and hence the permeability of the reservoir is increased due to sand production. Additionally, they incorporated a pressure maintenance mechanism to match the field data. They, however, were unable to present a physical explanation for this mechanism in absence of an aquifer. LITERATURE REVIEW Due to anomalously high primary recoveries (under Solution-gas drive process), a lot of interest has been generated in the production of heavy oil via "Cold Production" process1, 10–13.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
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Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
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