Index

Citation (2020), "Index ", Silva, D.M.D. and Deflem, M. (Ed.) Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization (Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, Vol. 25), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 000-000. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-613620200000025016 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes. Adherence Checklist for the Evaluation and Reduction of Risk (ACERR), 57 Against Violent Extremism (AVE), 218 Agency, 231–235 al-Dawla al-Islamiya fil Iraq wa al-Sham (see Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)) al Qaeda (see also 9/11 attack), 186, 246–247 al-Shabbah, 186 Algerian Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), 103 Anarchist wave in terrorism, 101–102 Anti-colonial groups, 108 Anti-colonialist wave in terrorism, 102–103 Appearance in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah, 195 Attitudinal inoculation, 156, 158–160 against extremist beliefs and attitudes, 164–165 Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), 84 Behavioral radicalization, 25–26, 31, 249 Belief in Canadian national mythology, 267–269 Bias in risk assessment, 58–60 Birmingham City Council (BCC), 84 British “Prevent” program, 226 Building Resilience Against Terrorism, 120 Building Resilience Against Violence and Extremism (BRAVE), 147–148 Building Stronger Britain Together program, 82 Caliphate (see Islamic State (IS)) Campaign of resistance, 109 Canadian multiculturalism, 265 Canadian Research Network on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS), 260 Canadian Security and Intelligence Services (CSIS), 121, 125, 248 Case Conceptualization Coding Rating Scale (CCCRS), 57 Case Formulation Content Coding Method (CFCCM), 57 Case Formulation Quality Checklist (CFQC), 57 Catastrophic Syrian civil war, 12 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 247, 254n1 Centralization and Conceptual and Operational Expansion, 80–82 CFQC-R, 57 Channel program, 226 Chechen groups, 187 Child criminal exploitation (CCE), 148 Children’s Act, 138 Civic integration turn, 87–88 Civic integrationist turn, 78 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), 84 Cognitive extremist, 25–26 Cognitive openings, 251 Cognitive radicalization, 22, 25–26, 30, 249 Combatting Terrorism Center, 42 Commitment, 231–235 Communicative learning, 39 Communities, 123 Security Practices and Construction of Suspect, 124–125 Comparative-historical analysis, 96, 99–100 Complacency, 250 Computer-Assisted-Telephone Interviewing (CATI), 60–61 ConnectFutures, 137, 143, 146 Contemporary radicalization, 41, 43 Content development, 163–165 Content identification to comprise disinformation inoculation treatment, 161–162 CONTEST Counter Terrorism strategy, 78, 81–83 Contextual safeguarding approach and radicalization, 141–143 Controversial “preventive prosecutions”, 246 Correctional Officers (COs), 262, 264, 269–272 Counter extremism, 78 agenda, 82–83 program, 136 2015 Counter-Extremism Strategy, 85–86 Counter Terrorism and Border Security Act (CTSA), 82 Counter-radicalization, 2–3, 78, 226–227 civic integration turn, 87–88 contours in Canada, 116–117 policies, 116 prevent as contested practice, 88–90 securitizing civil society through, 119–122 UK’s Prevent strategy, 78–83 Counter-terrorism (see also Terrorism), 1, 23–24 Countering violent extremism (CVE), 1–2, 24, 27, 136, 218 approaches to, 143–146 contextual safeguarding approach and radicalization, 141–143 safeguarding and Terrorism law, 137 safeguarding framework, 138–141 understanding intersections, 146–149 Critical thinking, 145 CrowdFlower (CF), 62 Crusaders, 105 Cultural defense, 251 Cultural imperialism, 251 Cyberhate (see Online extremism) Dabiq, 198 Daesh (see Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)) Damaging behavior, disrupting, 143–146 Definitions favorable to violating the law, 170, 173 Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG), 78, 82 Department for Education (DfE), 80, 84 Deradicalization (see also Radicalization), 11, 13–15, 22, 28, 210, 215, 248–253 programs, 11, 15–17 Desist and Disengage Programme, 81 Desistance, 246 Deviant definitions, 171 Differential association, 171, 173 Differential location in social structure, 169, 171, 174 Differential social location, 169, 171–172, 174 Differential social organization, 169 Differentially associating, 172 Differentially reward, 172 Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure, 247 Discrete-choice modeling, 56 Disengagement, 15, 28, 215–216, 253 Disinformation inoculation treatment, 161–162 Distance-decay, 56 effect, 65 Diversity of terrorism, 106–107 Dynata, 172 Education Funding Agency (EFA), 84 Emancipation, 38 Emancipatory learning, 39 Engagement, 246, 249, 253 Entrepreneur, 251 22 ERG principles, 229 ETA, 104 Evaluations of deradicalization programs, 16 Extremism (see also Violent extremism), 22, 24, 27, 56, 85, 125, 136, 148 violent vs. non-violent, 26–27 women and, 185–188 Extremist entryism, 85 Extremist precursors, 211–213 Extremist violence, 214 radicalization toward, 213–215 False positive rates, 59 Family in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah, 194–195 Far-right extremists, 217 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 168 Former combatants on involvement vs. non-involvement, 235–236 narrating motivations, 228–229 Former extremists, 210–211 combating violent extremism, 218–220 extremist precursors, 211–213 leaving violent extremism, 215–218 radicalization toward extremist violence, 213–215 “4P’s”, 139 Frame alignment, 251 Free-space, 213 Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ), 48 Fundamental British values, 80 Fundamental British values, 87–89 Gay bashings, 214 Grievance, state violence as, 107–108 Grievance-based explanations of terrorism, 97 Group dynamics, 251 Hadiths, 194 Hamas, 186 Harm principle, 23, 28–30 applying, 30–32 Healthy Identity Intervention Program, 10 Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), 103 Hyper-compliance, 86 Ideology of terrorism, 11 Ideology of Women’s Forum and Women Dawah, 191–193 Imitation, 172–174 Inciting incident, state violence as, 107–108 Indian Nationalists, 103 Individual psycho-cognitive processes, 44 Informants, 245 Inoculation (see also Attitudinal inoculation) to combat disinformation by VEOs, 161 and psychological reactance, 160 and source credibility, 160 theory, 158–159 Integrated National Security Enforcement Team (INSET), 248 Integration, 78 Intent factors, 233–235 Intentions and commitment, 234 International Center for Study of Radicalization (ICSR), 260 Internet, 184 savviness of Jihadi-Salafist and White Nationalist organizations, 185 Internet, 214 Intersections, 146–149 Intuition, 236–238 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 102 Islamic State (IS), 12, 40–41, 261 online propaganda of, 105–106 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 41, 43, 121 qualitative examination of ISIS propaganda, 100–101 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) (see Islamic State (IS)) Islamic State women-only forums method, 190–191 women and extremism, 185–188 Women Dawah, 189–190 Women’s Forum, 188–189 Islamist extremism, 22 Jihadi internet, 252 Jihadi-Salafist, 185 groups, 187–188 ideology, 193 movements, 187, 200 Jihadists, 217 Justification of violence, 251 Knowing danger and risk, 235 Ku Klux Klan, 188 Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), 190 Leaderless jihad, 252 Life After Hate, 218 Linguistic approaches, 63–64 LIWC software, 63 Local infrastructure, 66 Locally Driven Community Engagement Approach, 78–80 Macro-level factors, 214 Manosphere, 158 Meaning perspective, transformation of, 44 Meaning Perspectives Transformation theory, 38, 40 Mechanical Turk (MTurk), 62 Message targeting, 162–163 Methodological individualism, 231 Militancy in West, 41–43 Mill’s harm principle, 3 Mixed-methods approach, 99 Motivations, 231 former combatants narrating, 228–229 Prevent’s conceptualization for violence, 229–231 Multi-pronged approach, 179–180 Multiculturalism, support for, 267–269 Muscular liberal, 78 Muslim civil society organizations (Muslim CSOs), 116–117 experiencing securitization, 122–127 strategies to manage securitization, 126–127 Muslims, 47, 59, 80 citizenship and inclusion, 78 communities, 116, 125 community engagement, 80 prevent in public sector, 86–87 schooling British Muslims, 84–86 and urban governance, 83–84 National Centre for Teaching and Leadership (NCTL), 84–85 National Consortium for Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), 43, 260 National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM), 124 National Indicator 35 (NI35), 79 National security, 118–121, 123–125 National Security Community Outreach Program (NSCOP), 121 National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC), 138 National Union of Teachers (NUT), 89 New left wave in terrorism, 104–105 9/11 attack (see also al Qaeda), 41, 116, 260 Non-Muslims, 47 Non-violent extremism (see also Violent extremism), 26–27, 31, 136 Non-violent radicalization, 249 Northern Ireland, 226–227 Northern Ireland-related “extremism”, 226 Odds Ratio (OR), 175 Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism (OSCT), 226 Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (OFSTED), 147 “One to One” pilot project, 219 Online communities, 184 Online extremism, 168 discussion, 177–179 limitations, 179 measures, 172–175 methods, 172 results, 175–176 SSSL and production of online hate materials, 169–172 SSSL theory, 168–169 Online hate (see Online extremism) Online surveys, 62–63 Open Society Justice Initiative, 89 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, 260 P/CVE initiatives, 220 Paris attacks, 260 Paris Commune, 101, 104 “Pizzagate” incident, 156–157, 164–165 Political and cultural democracy, 39 Political empowerment, 38 Political Islam, 47 Political violence, 38, 40, 44, 47–48 Politiets Efterretningstjeneste, 247 Poor cue utilization, 58 Positive reinforcement, 171, 173 “Positive” emancipation, 40 Practitioners, 136–144, 146 Pregnancy, 193–194 Preliminary empirical exploration, 46–48 Prevent, 120, 226–227 agency, 231–235 conceptualization of motivations for violence, 229–231 as contested practice, 88–90 counter extremism and Muslims, 83–87 from countering radicalization to countering extremism, 78–83 former combatants narrating motivations, 228–229 former combatants on involvement vs. non-involvement, 235–236 knowing danger and risk, 235 operating through speculation and intuition, 236–238 PREVENT agenda, 137, 139–140 2007 Prevent agenda, 83 Prevent Duty Guidance, 89 2011 Prevent Strategy, 82 Preventing violent extremism (PVE), 1–2, 218 Prison radicalization, 260 Prison subcultures, 265–267 research, 265 Pro-integration, 218 Pro-Integration Model (PIM), 217–218 Prolific, 62 Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 245 Psychological reactance, inoculation and, 160 Public Safety Canada (PSC), 117 Push factors, 211–212 Qualitative methods, 96 R package, 191 Radical Muslim, 125 Radicalization (see also Deradicalization), 1–3, 22, 38, 64, 125–126, 210, 248–253, 261–262 impact of “top–down” framing, 125–126 cognitive vs. behavioral, 25–26 contextual safeguarding approach and, 141–143 investigation, 24 responses to, 24 toward extremist violence, 213–215 Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN), 42 Rational actor theories, 98 Recidivism, 15 Red Army Faction (RAF), 48, 104 Redirect Method, 218–219 Refutational preemption, 164 Relationships in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah, 196 Religion in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah, 199–200 Religiosity, 47 Repression, 96 Reversing, 15 Revolt, 246, 250, 253 Rightwing extremism, 170 Risk assessment linguistic approaches, 63–64 processes, 57–58 spatial analyses, 65–67 using surveys to develop risk factors, 60–63 thinking about Bias in, 58–60 Risk-terrain modeling (RTM), 56, 66 Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 117, 121–123, 127, 248 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 245 Safeguarding, 137–138 framework, 138–141 Safer Birmingham Partnership (SBP), 83 “Salafi-jihadism”, 246 “Salafi-jihadist” ideology, 246 Scholarship on radicalization, 2–3 Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), 247 Securitization of Muslim CSOs in Canada, 116–119 through counter-radicalization, 119–122 CSO strategies to manage securitization, 126–127 experiencing, 122–127 Security discourse, 124, 126 Security Service (MI5), 247 “Signs of radicalization”, 229 Snowball sampling, 263 Social epidemic, 250 Social justice and reform, 38 Social networks, 212 Social structural variables, 177 Social Structure Social Learning theory (SSSL theory) theory, 168–169, 177 and production of online hate materials, 169–172 Source credibility, inoculation and, 160 Sousveillance, 86 Sovereign Citizens, 264, 270 Spatial analyses, 65–67 Speculation, 236–238 Spiritual Islam, 47 State intervention, 22 State violence, 96–97 comparative-historical analysis, 99–100 as grievance and inciting incident, 107–108 mixed-methods approach, 99 qualitative examination of ISIS propaganda, 100–101 symbolic importance of, 108–109 and terrorism, 97 theories and terrorism, 97–99 State–CSO “partnerships” for national security, 124 Stormfront, 185, 188 Strategic disinformation, 157–158 attitudinal inoculation, 158–159 development of content, 163–165 identification of content to comprise disinformation inoculation treatment, 161–162 inoculation and psychological reactance, 160 inoculation and source credibility, 160 using inoculation to combat disinformation by VEOs, 161 message targeting, 162–163 Structured Professional Judgement risk assessment process, 57 Superiority, 47 Symbolism of multiculturalism, 125 Tablighi Jamaat, 247 Tamil separatists, 217 Task Force on Tackling Radicalization and Extremism (TERFOR), 80–81 Technical learning, 39 Telegram, 189 Telephone surveys, 60–62 Territorial stigmatization, 84 Terrorism, 1, 11, 38, 40, 56 academic and public interest, 260 anarchist wave, 101–102 anti-colonialist wave, 102–103 diversity of, 106–107 law, 137 new left wave, 104–105 online propaganda of Islamic State, 105–106 state violence and, 97–99 Terrorism Act 2000, 138 Terrorism studies, 22 cognitive vs. behavioral radicalization, 25–26 violent vs. non-violent extremism, 26–27 Terrorists, 65 campaigns, 11 disengagement, 13, 16 terrorists-turned-informants, 244 Theoretically defined variables, 169 Theoretically relevant variable, 174 Threat elicitation, 163 “Top–down” framing, 125–126 Totalizing commitment, 213 Transformative learning theory (TL theory), 38–40 Transformative radicalization (TR), 38, 40 learning to be violent, 44–46 preliminary empirical exploration, 46–48 violent radicalization and militancy in West, 41–43 Trauma, 58 Trigger events, 45 Trojan Horse plot, 84–86 “Troubles, the” in Northern Ireland, 226, 233 UK CONTEST 3.0, 136 “Ulsterization” policy, 245 Ummah, 251 Uncertainty, 22 Univariate Statistics, 175 Urban governance, Muslims and, 83–84 Violence personal experiences of, 229 Prevent’s conceptualization of motivations for, 229–231 in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah, 197–198 Violent extremism (see also Extremism; Non-violent extremism), 16–17, 26–27, 31, 56–57, 148 combating, 218–220 leaving, 215–218 Violent extremist ideology, 120 Violent extremist organizations (VEOs), 157 using inoculation to combat disinformation by, 161 Violent radicalization, 40–43, 45, 249 Virtual extremism (see Online extremism) Vulnerability, 231–235 War on Terror, 116 Weight-based approach, 63 Western military intervention, 250 White Nationalist, 187–188 organizations, 185 women-only forums, 184–185 Women and extremism, 185–188 in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah, 198–199 Women Dawah, 185, 189–190, 190–192 appearance, 195 family, 194–195 forum rules, 196–197 ideology, 191–193 pregnancy, 193–194 relationships, 196 religion, 199–200 violence, 197–198 women, 198–199 “Women’s Cause, The” (see Women Dawah) “Women’s Fight, The” (see Women Dawah) Women’s Forum, The, 188–190, 192–193 appearance, 195 family, 194–195 forum rules, 196–197 ideology, 191–193 pregnancy, 193–194 relationships, 196 religion, 199–200 violence, 197–198 women, 198–199 Youth violence, preventing, 146–149 Book Chapters Prelims Introduction: Deciphering (Counter-)Radicalization Part I: Theoretical and Conceptual Advances Chapter 1: Does Deradicalization Work? Chapter 2: Navigating Radicalization Concepts: A Role for the Harm Principle Chapter 3: Radicalization as Transformative Learning: A Theoretical and Illustrative Exploration Chapter 4: Advances in Violent Extremist Risk Analysis Part II: State and Civil Society Chapter 5: Counter-Radicalization as Civic Integration Chapter 6: The Role of State Violence in the Adoption of Terrorism Chapter 7: The Securitization of Muslim Civil Society in Canada Chapter 8: Countering Violent Extremism, Safeguarding and the Law: A Practitoner’s Perspective on Protecting Young and Vulnerable People from Exploitation Part III: The Online Space and Radicalization Chapter 9: Clearing the Smoke and Breaking the Mirrors: Using Attitudinal Inoculation to Challenge Online Disinformation by Extremists Chapter 10: Learning to Hate: Explaining Participation in Online Extremism Chapter 11: Hatred She Wrote: A Comparative Topic Analysis of Extreme Right and Islamic State Women-Only Forums Part IV: Former Extremists, Prevention, and Punishment Chapter 12: Former Extremists in Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization Research Chapter 13: Examining “Prevent” from a Former Combatant Perspective Chapter 14: Engagement, Desistance, and Revolt: What Do We Know about Terrorists Who Turn into Informants? Chapter 15: “We Wouldn’t Let Known Terrorists Live Here”: Impediments to Radicalization in Western Canadian Prisons Index

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