Guest Editor's Introduction

In 2015, the Federation of Canadian Demographers (FCD) held a conference in Ottawa on the theme "Revisiting Demographic Challenges in the 21st Century-Population Dynamics, Demographic Methods, and Public Policy."The organizers' intention was to revisit some of the dominant ideas expressed at an earlier FCD conference, "Demographic Challenges of the 21st Century."Indeed, important social demographic changes evolved over the 10-year span between these two conferences: Canadian society witnessed the continuing urbanization of Canada's Indigenous Peoples; fertility rates stayed low, at sub-replacement levels; family structures became increasing more complex; continued ageing of the population led to an increasingly older labour force, as well as changes in health policies; changes in immigration patterns has resulted in the social fabric becoming increasingly diverse along ethnic, racial, religious, and linguistic lines; and cancellation of the long-form census in 2011 (recently reinstated for the 2016 Census) prompted researchers to explore new data sources in order to supplement available census data.It was noted in the call for papers for the FCD 2015 Conference that although some of the challenges raised during the 2005 conference had been addressed, new challenges had since presented themselves, and a substantial number of challenges still remained to be explored.Consequently, the FCD's Scientific Committee 1 prepared a program that reflected the demographic challenges that we faced in the 2015, and offered an excellent platform to expand demographic research in Canada.It was agreed early in the planning process for the 2015 FCD conference that a selection of the papers would be published in two journal special issues-Canadian Studies in Population for the presentations given in English and Cahiers québécois de démographie for the presentations given in French.The six papers presented in this issue of CSP offer an excellent cross-section of the research presented at the conference.The themes addressed encompass the retention of immigrants across Canada; the relationship between sociodemographic factors, self-rated health and mortality; immigrant employment and earnings; measures of obesity among Canadian Indigenous and non-Indigenous children, youth, and young adults; non-residential fatherhood; and gender inequality in the family setting.In the leading paper, Beaujot and colleagues offer an important analysis and discussion of the respective gender roles and responsibilities within a family unit.2 They observe that although gender inequalities with respect to paid and unpaid work have diminished, the presence of young children still results in observable inequalities.They recognize the impact of lone parenthood on the children, and suggest that current policy must adapt to help these children to overcome the inherent disadvantages that they face due to the family structure.They propose that discussions on social policy should take into consideration the modernization of families and the concept of co-parenting.This discussion is taken a step further in Strohschein's article on non-residential fatherhood in Canada.Strohschein analyzed the 2012 Canadian Longitudinal and International Survey of Adults (LISA) to examine

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