Experimental determination of solvent gas dispersion in vapex process
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Canada has about one-third of the world's known petroleum reserves in the form of heavy oil and bitumen, which can meet our energy needs for the next two centuries. In this context, the vapor extraction (Vapex) of heavy oil and bitumen has drawn considerable attention in recent years. Not only this process has the potential to sequester greehouse gases besides requireing low energy costs and capital investment, but also the capability of in situ upgrading of heavy oil. At present, there is a significant interest in the determination of the dispersion of solvent gases during Valex in order to predict the amount and time scale of oil recovery as well to optimize the field operations. Not much research has been done so far to investigate dispersion in presence of fluid flow that is transverse to gravity such as in Vapex. In this work, the dispersion of butane solvent gas is determined as a linear function of its concentration in heavy oil and bitumen based on Vapex experiments carried out in the Transport Modeling Laboratory at Ryerson University. A cylindrical wire mesh, which had a cavity of 21 cm high and 6 cm diameter, packed with homogenous porous media satursated with Athabasca heavy oil was used as a physical model for heavy oil vapor interface. The physical model was packed with three different sizes of glass beads. The permeanbilites of the different homogenous glass beads packing were tested. For each model, an experiment was conducted at a room temperature with ± 0.5oC variation, and pressure close to butane dew point with variation ± 0.007 MPa. Under these conditions, the physical model was expose to a butane solvent gas, which diffuses into physical model, and gets absorbed in Athabasca bitumen. As a result of the gas absorption, a significant reduction in viscosity was experienced. The diluted live oil was drained along the solvent vapro/oil interface under the action of gravity. The decrease in mass of the physical model was measured and recorded every 1 minute. Average live oil viscosity, average density, and average dissolved butane mass fraction in Athabasca bitumen sample were determined to be 2.742 cP, 0.86 g/cm3, and 0.48 respectively. These experiments were simulated by a mathematical model, which was used to determined the dispersion coefficient of butane gas into Athabasca bitumen. The dispersion coefficient of butane gas was considered as a linear function of its concentration in the porous media. The mathematical model was numerically solved using finite difference method. Different values for dispersion coefficient and butane saturation mass fraction were used in the simulation. Steepest decent method was used to iteratively evaluate dispersion coefficient and minimize the error. The optimum values of dispersion coefficient and butane gas saturation solubility in Athabasca bitumen were determined by matching the calculated and experiemental values of live oil production.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».