Palestinian NGOs in Israel: A Campaign for Civic Equality or "Ethnic Civil Society"?
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Palestinian NGOs in Israel:A Campaign for Civic Equality or “Ethnic Civil Society”? Oded Haklai (bio) Introduction Research on the politics of the Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel (PAI) has thus far focused mainly on parliamentary activity. In recent years, the PAI has also been resorting to mobilization through civil society associations, an area that has thus far received little scholarly attention. The absence of a theoretical link between the universalistic assumptions of civil society theories and the particularistic motivations behind communal mobilization has led some observers to assume that PAI non-governmental organizations target civic equality.1 This is largely because civil society is conventionally seen as building strong, inclusive societal bonds. In this article, I present an alternative: PAI NGOs constitute what can be termed "ethnic civil society." Rather than view PAI NGOs as embarking on a civic campaign for civil equality, I contend that PAI civil society associations are a mode of ethnic mobilization, targeting the empowerment of an ethnic community. As such, they are distinct from conventional civil society organizations that promote civic rights. PAI NGOs borrow a variety of strategies that are applied by "classical" civil society associations, but their ends are more particularistic, aiming at institutional reform favorable to the PAI community and raising political and communal consciousness amongst the minority population. More generally, ethnic civil society mobilization is a peculiar sub-type of civil society activity. The study of this phenomenon requires an integrated framework that bridges between civil society activity and ethnic mobilization. Such a link is necessary for a better analysis of ethnically based civil society mobilization that promotes institutional reform and raises minority political and communal consciousness. Such mobilization, however, does not target universal empowerment of citizens vis-à-vis the [End Page 157] state, as "classical" civil society does. Rather, the focus is on Communal empowerment. This new framework allows the analyst to examine both religious and secular civil society organizations within a single framework, rather than treat them conventionally as separate categories. Ethnic Civil Society The study of ethnically based associations has remained relatively peripheral in civil society theory. For many, the concept "ethnic civil society" itself seems almost like an oxymoron. The term civil society, although very fuzzy, as noted by several scholars,2 hints at more encompassing citizenry collectivities. New civil society movements are conventionally perceived as building inclusive linkages within society, framing their demands around universal rights, dealing with issues such as the environment, women's rights, or human rights.3 These issues are generally understood to cut through communal boundaries. Ethnically based associations, conversely, frame their demands around particularistic communal identities. Ethnic schisms are often described as hindering the development of effective civil society.4 And yet, many communal groups besides the Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel—for example, the Scotts in Britain, the First Nations in Canada, the Flemings and Walloons in Belgium, and many indigenous peoples in Latin America—have been increasingly able to build powerful, ethnically based linkages that contest the norms embedded within the state and existing institutional arrangements. Thus, ethnically based associations have become an important channel for political action, adopting civil society mobilization strategies. Ethnic civil society should thus be studied as an exceptional sub-type of civil society. Civil society, in turn, is conventionally studied in relation to the state in a state-society framework. In exerting sovereignty, states exercise "supreme civil power in an extended territory."5 The state has vital influence over access and distribution of material and cultural resources in the territory under its jurisdiction, and it possesses the authority to punish violators of its rules. Joel Migdal notes that civil society associations often offer a parallel order to that of the state—an autonomous, alternative set of practices and institutions in which the impact of the state is limited.6 These parallel institutions offer alternative forms of political and social authority to (or sometimes competing with) those of the state. Alternatively, Chabal and Daloz have observed in their study of civil society in Africa that, rather than isolate from each other, state and society sometimes mutually [End Page 158] attempt to penetrate one another.7 This kind of activity can lead to mutual constitution...
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,016 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».