Effect of Solvent Sequencing and Other Enhancements on Solvent Aided Process
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Alberta 's oil sands clearly present an economical solution to the world 's dwindling conventional oil supply. Over 80% of these oil sands can only be recovered by in situ methods, such as SAGD technology. However SAGD, in its current commercial form, is an energy intensive process. The authors have previously described an improvement to SAGD —Solvent Aided Process (SAP) —that aims to combine the benefits of using steam with solvents. In SAP, a small amount of hydrocarbon solvent is introduced as an additive to the injected steam during SAGD. SAP holds the promise to significantly improve the energy efficiency of SAGD, thus reducing the heat requirement. Previously discussed results from EnCana 's field trials of SAP have shown the practical upside of this process. In theory, a variety of solvents can be employed with steam to tap the benefit of solvent dilution in combination with (in-situ) heating the oil. However, due to their commercial availability, light alkanes present in the natural gas condensate are the practical choice for this purpose. These different solvents can be used individually or as a mixture, together or sequentially, with varying degrees of benefit. The economics of a SAP project depends on the enhancement of oil recovery and rates as well as solvent recovery. This paper, based on modeling work, investigates the effect of solvent sequencing, the impact of cross-flow of gas on solvent recovery, the effect of low pressure operation on SAP performance and the operation of SAP in bottom-up geometry. Based on this work, the performance of SAP can be improved by employing proper sequence of solvent, cross-flow solvent recovery and low pressure operation. Bottom-up SAP takes the bitumen recovery to new levels of energy efficiency with steam-oil ratios below 0.5. Introduction As previously described, in SAGD, oil viscosity is reduced by heating with steam(1,2). In SAP(3–5), solvent dilution is also taken advantage of to aid this viscosity reduction. The result is an enhanced rate of oil production and recovery leading to superior economics with lower energy intensity and impact on the environment. VAPEX, a process similar to SAGD, employs only hydrocarbon vapour instead of steam as described in the literature(6–9) and can eliminate the expensive heating requirement of SAGD. However, its development is awaiting a successful field trial. Use of solvent with steam for oil recovery is also discussed in the literature(10–13) with a focus on the enhancement of steam displacement or steam stimulation. Using solvent with steam in a gravity drainage context offers some practical advantages. The pressure in the vapour chamber does not need to be supported by a non-condensable gas as required in some embodiments of VAPEX. This means that the progression of the vapour chamber in SAP does not get overwhelmed by the heat/mass transfer resistance at the vapour/oil interface. EnCana has been developing SAP since 1996 and piloted the process first at its Senlac Thermal Project in 2002. Encouraged by the results, it is presently testing SAP for in situ bitumen extraction at its Christina Lake Thermal Project(5,14).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
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Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».